Northern Ireland plant health label (NIPHL) scheme

In this guide:

  • Importing plants from countries outside the EU

    Find out how to import plants from countries outside the European Union (EU).

    The importation of particular plants and plant products from certain third countries (countries outside of the European Union) is prohibited.

    In general, all plants and some categories of plant produce that are permitted to enter Northern Ireland from third countries must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate.

    This confirms that the plants or plant produce to which it relates have been officially inspected in the country of origin (or country of dispatch), comply with statutory requirements for entry into the UK and are free from quarantine pests and diseases.

    Any plants that are imported directly into Northern Ireland from outside of the EU may only enter via Belfast Port, Larne Port or Warrenpoint Port and must comply with all relevant Plant Health legislation.

    Read more about New Plant Health Regulation.

    Businesses or individuals wishing to import plants from countries outside of the EU must register with DAERA as a Professional Operator or update their existing registration to include their new activity as an importer. To register, you should use the forms available on the Registration as Professional Operator and application to become Registered Authorised Professional Operator page or contact Plant Health Inspection Branch directly.

    At importation, DAERA Plant Health Inspectors carry out documentary and identity checks on plants and controlled plant products from non EU countries. There is a charge for these inspections. Documentary checks are always charged, while additional identity checks and plant health inspections are completed at set frequencies according to Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/2389 and may be charged at reduced inspection fees depending on the category of plant material and the country of origin.

    Imports of plants and controlled plant products must be notified to DAERA no less than one working day in advance of arrival (four working hrs if arriving by air). Different rules apply for importing potatoes or wood and bark products. Notification must be given by completing a CHED-PP part 1 on TRACES.NT.

    This must be done by the person responsible for the consignment, which should be the importer or an agent with an NI or EU address. You should upload a scanned colour copy of the accompanying phytosanitary certificate (including all attached pages) and ensure that all details entered on TRACES NT are correct. You should also include the registration number of the vehicle carrying the goods and/or the container number, as applicable. This will facilitate smooth movement of all consignments.

    Read more information about the TRACES NT system.

    See guidance notes for registering on TRACES NT and creating a CHED PP

    A Certificate of Conformity is required for certain fruit and vegetable produce which is subject to a 'Specific Marketing Standard' (SMS) before it is released from the port.

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    Apply to use Northern Ireland plant health labels
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  • Northern Ireland plant health label (NIPHL) scheme

    What growers and traders need to do to move plants (including plants for planting, seeds, used agricultural and forestry machinery and vehicles and seed potatoes) using a Northern Ireland plant health label (NIPHL).

    Any business can get authorised to use the NIPHL scheme to move the following goods from Great Britain to Northern Ireland:

    • plants and seeds for planting
    • seed potatoes
    • used agricultural and forestry machinery and vehicles (UAFM)

    Northern Ireland plant health label (NIPHL) scheme

    Move plants and seeds for planting using the NIPHL scheme
    How growers and traders can use Northern Ireland plant health labels to move plants and seeds for planting from Great Britain to Northern Ireland, including the requirements for the business in Northern Ireland.

    Move seed potatoes using the NIPHL scheme
    How growers and traders can use Northern Ireland plant health labels (NIPHLs) to move seed potatoes from Great Britain to Northern Ireland, including the requirements for the business in Northern Ireland.

    Move used agricultural and forestry machinery and vehicles using the NIPHL scheme
    How traders can move used agricultural and forestry machinery and vehicles to Northern Ireland under the NIPHL scheme, if the goods are intended to stay in Northern Ireland. 

    Regulated plants for planting under a Northern Ireland Plant Health label
    Information on plants for planting moving from Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) to Northern Ireland under a Northern Ireland plant health label (NIPHL).

    Apply to use Northern Ireland Plant Health labels
    Get authorisation to use Northern Ireland plant health labels (NIPHL) and see the list of regulated plants for planting.


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  • Importing plants from countries within the EU

    Find out how to import plants from countries within the European Union (EU).

    If you import certain tree and woody plant genera from EU countries and Switzerland to Northern Ireland there are certain notification requirements you must make.

    As of 1st of December 2018, there is a notification requirement for certain tree species and woody plant species imported directly from countries within the European Union. These are tree species within the genera of:

    • Castanea (Sweet Chestnut)
    • Fraxinus (Ash)
    • Pinus (Pine)
    • Platanus (Plane)
    • Prunus (e.g. Cherry
    • Plum, Laurel)
    • Quercus (Oak)
    • Ulmus (Elm)

    As of the 28th of March 2019, Olea (Olive) has also been added to this list as it is an important host species for the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. This requirement also applies to imports from Switzerland.

    It is important to note that Northern Ireland has Protected Zone status for certain pests and diseases associated with many of these genera and relevant passporting requirements apply.

    Landings of plants for planting of the relevant genera must be notified to DAERA prior to or up to 4 days after landing in Northern Ireland using the form found below.

    Notification form for import of trees from the EU

    Also on this site
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  • Exporting plants

    Find out how to export plants from Northern Ireland.

    Last updated: 26 January 2026

    When you export regulated plants and plant products from Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and Northern Ireland to other countries, you need to:

    • check if your plants need a phytosanitary certificate by contacting the plant health authority in the destination country (and if you cannot find details on the IPPC website or are unsure of the requirements, contact your UK plant health authority or inspector if you know them)
    • check if your plants need laboratory testing of samples to make sure they’re free from pests and diseases or for growing season inspections - contact your local plant health inspector
    • apply for a phytosanitary certificate or electronic equivalent (ePhyto) from the relevant UK plant health authority before export
    • register as a professional operator, if you have not already done so

    If you export as a private citizen (you are not registered as a company or sole trader), please contact APHA for information on the process of how you can apply. Email planthealth.info@apha.gov.uk.

    UK plant health authorities

    You can contact the UK’s plant health authorities to check if plants and plant products you intend to export need to be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate.

    The plant authority in Northern Ireland is the plant and tree health department in the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA).

    Contact the DAERA Plant Health Inspection Branch:

    Telephone: 0300 200 7847

    Email: planthealth@daera-ni.gov.uk

    Apply for a phytosanitary certificate

    You need a phytosanitary certificate to export or move some plants and plant products. Most phytosanitary certificates are in a paper format. Electronic (ePhyto) certificates are available for goods moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland.

    You may need a phytosanitary certificate if you’re exporting:

    • plants, including fruit, vegetables and cut flowers
    • plant products
    • seeds
    • grain
    • bulbs
    • potatoes
    • used farm and forestry machinery or vehicles which have been operated for agricultural or forestry purposes
    • wood and wood products

    All these goods must be inspected before you can get a phytosanitary certificate.

    Read Forestry Commission guidance if you want to export wood, wood products and bark.

    Use the Apply for plant export certificates and inspections service to apply for phytosanitary and ePhyto certificates.

    You can use the service for:

    • plants, including fruit, vegetables and cut flowers
    • plant products
    • grain
    • seeds
    • bulbs
    • potatoes
    • used farm or forestry machinery or vehicles that have been operated for agricultural or forestry purposes

    If you’re exporting certain fruits and vegetables, you may need a certificate of conformity as well as a phytosanitary certificate.

    You apply a different way to export plants from Scotland and Northern Ireland. Contact the plant health authorities in Scotland and Northern Ireland for more information.

    If you use an ePhyto certificate for goods moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland

    You will receive an email when your ePhyto certificate is issued. This is to confirm that APHA has sent your certificate to the relevant people and organisations.

    You will be able to see a copy of the certifcate that was sent. You do not need to print or email this copy. The original digital certificate will automatically be made available to DAERA.

    Read more about ePhyto certificates on the Plant Health Portal.

    Apply for a re-forwarding phytosanitary certificate to re-export goods

    Re-export (also known as re-forwarding) is when goods are imported into a country and then exported to another country.

    If you’ve imported goods to Great Britain and then want to move them to a different country, it may be possible to apply for a re-forwarding certificate.

    Plant health inspectors will only be able to issue a re-forwarding certificate if they can be confident that the goods meet the destination country’s import requirements.

    If you apply for a re-forwarding certificate, the inspector will decide whether a further inspection is needed. You may need a further inspection if the:

    • destination country’s rules say you must
    • goods have been exposed to a risk of infestation or contamination after being imported

    It may be that the destination country has certain import requirements that include testing or growing season inspections. You should check this before you import the goods into Great Britain, as the phytosanitary certificate you use to import the goods will need to include this information if you wish to forward them on. This original phytosanitary certificate, or certified copies, will need to accompany the goods when they are re-exported.

    You can apply for a re-forwarding certificate using the plant health export service, Apply for plant export certificates and inspections service.

    Register and apply with online export services

    If you’re exporting from England or Wales, you must register as a professional operator and apply for a phytosanitary certificate with:

    If you’re based in England or Wales, contact your local APHA inspector if you want to do a paper-based application form.

    If you do not know your local APHA inspector, contact APHA plant health by:

    They will arrange for the inspector to contact you.

    There is an extra charge of £14.86 for paper-based applications.

    You apply a different way to export plants from Scotland and Northern Ireland.

    Exporting wood, wood products or isolated bark

    If you export certain types of regulated wood, wood products and bark from Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales), you’ll need to register as a professional operator and then apply for phytosanitary certificates.

    Read more about the import and export of wood and bark.

    Other export requirements for plants and wood

    Your goods may also be subject to other requirements or controls. Further information:

    Fees

    The following fees apply to exports from England and Wales to the EU and non-EU countries. For fees in Scotland please contact the Scottish government.

    Inspection costs

    For each inspection you’ll be charged a minimum of 30 minutes, which costs £127.60.

    After that you’ll pay £63.80 for every 15 minutes of an inspector’s time spent on:

    • carrying out the inspection on site
    • associated on site activities

    You’ll have to pay in full for every 15 minutes, even if it takes less time. For example, if it takes the inspector 42 minutes to do everything you will pay for 45 minutes.

    The time it takes for the inspector to travel to and from the site to conduct the inspection is already included in the fees.

    Certificate and laboratory costs

    A phytosanitary certificate costs £25.52.

    If you ask for an amendment to your phytosanitary certificate, you’ll pay £15.76.

    You’ll pay £33.56 for each sample examined by a laboratory.

    Application costs

    If you submit an export certification application in paper form, rather than using the online eDomero system, you’ll pay an extra fee of £15.76.

    Reduced fees

    You can apply for plant health export services at concessionary rates. Apply online or fill in the PHE3 form and send it to APHA before you apply for a phytosanitary certificate. The concessionary rate is for the first £1,500 (full price value) of APHA services in a financial year if any of the following apply:

    • you’re exporting VAT-exempt goods
    • you’re not registered for VAT and do not need to be registered in that financial year
    • your certified exports were worth less than £5,000 in the last financial year

    Exporting from Great Britain to the EU, Switzerland or Liechtenstein

    All regulated plants and plant products exported from England, Scotland or Wales are subject to import controls.

    This could include documentary, identity and physical checks at the EU border.

    Regulated plants and plant products include:

    • all plants for planting
    • root and tubercle vegetables
    • some common fruits other than fruit preserved by deep freezing
    • cut flowers
    • seeds, and other plant or forest reproductive material
    • leafy vegetables other than vegetables preserved by deep freezing
    • some wood and wood products
    • used farm or forestry machinery or vehicles which have been operated for agricultural or forestry purposes

    Find out about exporting wood, wood products, bark and wood packaging material.

    Read how to apply for plant breeders’ rights and market plant reproductive material, seeds and other propagating material.

    Moving plants including used agricultural and forestry machinery, from Great Britain to Northern Ireland

    To move plants and seeds for planting, or used agricultural and forestry machinery and vehicles from Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) to Northern Ireland you must either:

    • apply a Northern Ireland plant health label (NIPHL) to the consignment where goods are destined to remain in Northern Ireland
    • apply for a phytosanitary certificate from the relevant UK plant health authority (you can find out how in the UK plant health authorities section at the top of this page)

    Seed potatoes can only be moved to Northern Ireland from Great Britain using a NIPHL. You can read the guidance on moving seed potatoes on GOV.UK.

    In both cases you must register as a professional operator, if you have not already done so and the business (or their agent) receiving the goods in Northern Ireland must notify DAERA with details of the consignment by submitting a Common Health Entry Document (CHED-PP) on the Trade Control and Expert System (TRACES NT).

    Sending small quantities from Great Britain to individuals in Northern Ireland

    You can send small amounts of plant products in parcels to the final consumer in Northern Ireland. You will still need a phytosanitary certificate.

    You must clearly label parcels as containing sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) goods. For example, with a green label that includes the wording ‘SPS’.

    Border control posts (BCPs) in the EU

    Your goods will need to be exported to an EU BCP, approved to handle plants and plant products in the EU.

    Exempt plants and plant products

    Exempt plants and plant products do not need plant health controls and so will not be subject to import controls at EU countries or Northern Ireland. You do not need a phytosanitary certificate to export these exempt goods.

    These plants and plant products are exempt:

    • pineapple
    • coconut
    • durian
    • bananas
    • grain
    • plant products (such as fruit and vegetables) that have been processed and packaged to the point that they no longer pose a biosecurity risk composite products like nut and seed butters containing processed fruit or vegetables

    Movement of high-risk and prohibited plants

    You cannot export some high-risk and prohibited goods from Great Britain to the EU and Northern Ireland.

    These fall into 2 categories:

    High-risk plants

    High-risk plants and plant products cannot enter the EU and Northern Ireland, until a full risk assessment is conducted by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

    The following genera of plants for planting from Great Britain are prohibited:

    • Acacia
    • Albizia
    • Annona
    • Bauhinia
    • Caesalpinia
    • Cassia
    • Castanea
    • Diospyros
    • Ficus carica
    • Fraxinus
    • Hamamelis
    • Jasminum
    • Juglans
    • Lonicera
    • Nerium
    • Persea
    • Robinia
    • Ulmus

    The prohibition does not apply to seeds, fruits, leaves, tissue culture material and naturally or artificially dwarfed woody plants of these genera.

    You must consult your local plant health and seeds inspector if you wish to move any of the following plants for planting from Great Britain, as some of the species within these genera have now been approved to move:

    • Acer
    • Alnus
    • Berberis
    • Betula
    • Cornus
    • Corylus
    • Crataegus
    • Fagus
    • Ligustrum
    • Malus
    • Populus
    • Prunus
    • Quercus
    • Salix
    • Sorbus
    • Taxus
    • Tilia

    High-risk plant products

    These plant products are prohibited:

    • plants of Ullucus tuberosus
    • fruits of Momordica from countries where Thrips palmi is present and effective mitigation measures are not in place

    How to apply for an exemption from the high-risk prohibition

    An application will need to be submitted by Defra to the European Commission for every high-risk plant. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) will then assess the information provided by Defra and complete a full risk assessment on the plant or plant product.

    If the risk assessment allows the trade, the plant or plant product will be removed from the high risk list. But it may still need specific import requirements, including phytosanitary certification.

    EFSA has set out the information and format required to submit an application.

    Prohibited plants and plant products

    These plants and plant products are prohibited for movement from Great Britain to the EU and Northern Ireland. This includes:

    • isolated bark of Castanea
    • plants of Vitis, other than fruits
    • plants of Citrus, Fortunella, Poncirus, and their hybrids, other than fruits and seeds
    • tubers of Solanum tuberosum, seed potatoes (these can now move to Northern Ireland under the NI plant health label scheme)
    • plants for planting of stolon - or tuber-forming species of Solanum, and their hybrids
    • soil as such consisting in part of solid organic substances
    • growing medium as such, other than soil, consisting in whole or in part of solid organic substances, other than that composed entirely of peat or fibre of Cocos nucifera, previously not used for growing of plants or for any agricultural purposes

    Note: plants for planting moving to Northern Ireland under the NIPHL scheme can have soil or growing media attached, provided this is in compliance with NI’s requirements. If you are unsure of requirements, speak to your local inspector.

    You can find out how to contact your UK plant health authority on the top of this page under the ‘UK plant health authorities’ section.

    EU Protected Zones of fireblight

    Plants and live pollen for pollination of the following species (excluding their fruit and seeds) are also prohibited when exporting to EU Protected Zones of fireblight (Erwinia amylovora):

    • Amelanchier
    • Chaenomeles
    • Cotoneaster
    • Crataegus
    • Cydonia
    • Eriobotrya
    • Malus
    • Mespilus
    • Photinia davidiana
    • Pyracantha
    • Pyrus
    • Sorbus

    How to export prohibited plants and soil

    You can only send prohibited plants or soil to someone who has a scientific licence to receive them in the EU. They will have a ‘letter of authority’ with their licence.

    Follow these steps to export prohibited material to EU countries:

    1. Ask the recipient for a copy of their letter of authority.
    2. Send to APHA to be endorsed.
    3. Attach the letter of authority to the outside of all packages before you send them. You should also include copies of the letter of authority inside the packaging.
    4. Store prohibited the plants or soil in 3 layers of packaging - at least 1 of the layers must be escape and shatter-proof.

    If the recipient tells you that you do not need a letter of authority, ask them to show you official confirmation of this from their plant health authority. Send this confirmation to:

    • APHA for England and Wales
    • SASA for Scotland
    • DAERA for Northern Ireland

    Do not send your material until you have got confirmation from the recipient’s plant health authority and the relevant competent authority.

    Plant health exports audited trader scheme (PHEATS)

    If you move ware potatoes, fruit, vegetables or cut flowers from Great Britain to the EU or Northern Ireland, you may be eligible for the plant health exports audited trader scheme (PHEATS).

    This means you’ll be able to do your own inspections and apply for phytosanitary certificates to be issued.

    Find out how to apply and register for the scheme on the plant health portal.

    Under the PHEATS scheme, you’ll have to pay for:

    • an initial site visit to include training, assessment and authorisation - £313.24 per authorisation
    • an auditing / monitoring fee - £178.92 per audit
    • the issue of a certificate - £25.52 per phytosanitary certificate

    Movements from Northern Ireland to Great Britain

    Qualifying Northern Ireland goods (QNIGs) can continue to move from Northern Ireland to Great Britain in the same way as they did before 1 January 2021.

    QNIGs are goods:

    • in free circulation in Northern Ireland - on the basis that they are not under customs supervision (except when that supervision arises from from the goods being taken out of Northern Ireland or the EU), or
    • which have undergone processing operations in Northern Ireland under the inward processing procedure, and only incorporate inputs which were in free circulation in the UK

    This means that if you are an operator based in Great Britain and receive a consignment of plants or plant products from Northern Ireland which are QNIGs and subject to plant passport requirements, they will continue to arrive at your premises with an EU plant passport as they do now.

    As these are QNIGs you do not need to routinely replace this EU plant passport with a UK plant passport, and the goods may be moved on under their EU plant passport unless:

    • you split the consignment and the new ‘units’ (these may be trolleys, pallets, boxes, bags or similar) no longer have a plant passport attached to them, or
    • you choose to replace the plant passport (for example, to include your supplier’s details for business purposes)

    If either apply, a UK plant passport could be issued without a full examination of the plants taking place before onward movement. This is in line with current guidance on when to replace a plant passport. You must keep records of any changes made.

    If you replace a plant passport on a QNIG you must put the code ‘GB(NI)’ in Part E of that replacement UK plant passport, to help maintain their identity as QNIGs.

    This is to aid monitoring of compliance with plant passporting requirements, including the specific provisions for QNIGs.

    This will help ensure that it is easily visible whether a good has originated outside of Great Britain’s phytosanitary zone, yet may not have undergone full third country checks, which will be important for tracing purposes in the event of a pest or disease is found.

    If the phytosanitary status of your consignment changes, for example because traceability has not been maintained, there is a pest or disease issue with the consignment or the plants have been ‘grown on’, then a full examination will need to be carried out on the plants.

    Once confirmed they are fully aligned with GB plant health standards, a standard UK plant passport with Part E left blank could be issued.

    Read guidance on when plants have been ‘grown-on’.

    Returned wood, plants and plant products

    Plants and plant product consignments rejected at EU BCPs can re-enter Great Britain through any point of entry.

    You must submit an import pre-notification using the import of products, animals, food and feed system (IPAFFS) to notify APHA for rejected plants and plant products returning to England or Wales.

    ‘Pre-notification’ means giving advance notice to the responsible authority for goods that arrive in Great Britain.

    You must give notice:

    • at least 4 working hours before the goods land in Great Britain, for air and ‘roll-on-roll-off’ freight
    • at least 1 working day before the goods arrive in Great Britain for all other freight

    For rejected plants and plant products returning to Scotland go to the SASA.

    For wood and wood products returning to Great Britain (Scotland, England and Wales) you’ll need to notify the Forestry Commission.

    You must include a copy of the original phytosanitary certificate with pre-notification.

    If your consignment was exported without a phytosanitary certificate, before returning your goods please contact:

    • APHA for plants and plant products in England and Wales on 0300 1000 313
    • SASA for plants and plant products in Scotland on 0131 244 8890
    • Forestry Commission for wood and wood products in Great Britain on 0300 067 5155

    APHA, SASA and the Forestry Commission will assess this information to decide the conditions of import and if the consignment needs further checks on entry to Great Britain.

    If further checks are needed someone from FC, APHA or SASA in Scotland will contact you.

    Exporting from the UK to non-EU countries

    If you export regulated plants and plant products from the UK (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) to non-EU countries, you must follow the import regulations in the country you’re exporting to.

    Get help researching your export market.

    Contact APHA for advice on what the import regulations and rules are in the country you’re exporting to.

    Check the destination country profile page of the International Plant Protection Convention’s website to find out if you need a phytosanitary certificate.

    Make sure you ask to receive an official document to explain the rules in that country and how to comply. This will help UK inspectors to prepare your export correctly.

    You may need a phytosanitary certificate if you’re exporting:

    • plants, including fruit, vegetables and cut flowers
    • plant products
    • seeds
    • grain
    • bulbs
    • potatoes
    • used farm and forestry machinery or vehicles which have been operated for agricultural or forestry purposes
    • wood and wood products

    Applying for a phytosanitary certificate

    You can use the Apply for plant export certificates and inspections service for:

    • plants, including fruit, vegetables and cut flowers
    • plant products
    • grain
    • seeds
    • bulbs
    • potatoes
    • used farm and forestry machinery or vehicles which have been operated for agricultural or forestry purposes

    If you’re exporting certain fruits and vegetables, you may need a certificate of conformity as well as a phytosanitary certificate.

    You apply a different way to export plants from Scotland and Northern Ireland.

    If you’re a member of the Plant Health Propagation Scheme or the Seed Potato Classification Scheme, you may not need an inspection. Contact APHA to find out.

    Exporting grain from the UK to non-EU countries

    You may need a phytosanitary certificate to export grain if there has been no recent trade in grain to the country you are exporting to. Check the grain standard operating protocol (GSOP) before sending consignments.

    Before you can apply for a phytosanitary certificate to export grain, you need to:

    -  apply for certification if you’re a qualified authorised trade inspector (ATI)

    Wood packaging material

    If you use wood packaging material to export goods to other countries, check your solid wood packaging meets requirements.

    Also on this site
    Trading and moving goods in and out of Northern Ireland
    Starting to export
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    Exporting and importing

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  • Plant passports

    Find out what a plant passport is and how to get one.

    Plants and plant products may move freely within the European Single Market, without inspections at national borders.

    All plants for planting and some plant products require a plant passport to facilitate their movement. Where required, a passport is needed both for movements within and between member states, and additional requirements apply for movements into and within EU Protected Zones.

    What are plant passports?

    Plant passports are a guarantee that the material meets the plant health requirements for freedom from ‘quarantine’ organisms.

    Plant passports may only be issued by growers who are registered and authorised for the purpose. Authorisation is granted on the basis of inspections of plants, premises and records by a Plant Health Inspection Branch Inspector.

    Read a guide to plant passports from the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA).

    For further information on the Plant Passporting system, contact DAERA on either Tel: 0300 200 7847 or Email: planthealth@daera-ni.gov.uk.
     

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    Exporting and importing

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  • Personal imports of plant and plant products

    Find out what plants and plant products are allowed to imported into Northern Ireland.

    If you are travelling in the EU, you can bring live plants and plant products (such as cut flowers, fruit or vegetables) into Northern Ireland without any documentary or physical checks, as long as they have been grown in an EU country, are free from pests or diseases and are for your own personal use.

    However, you are advised to retain any receipt(s) and/or pot label(s) relating to plant purchases made in the EU, for movement into NI. In this context, “EU” includes the 27 member countries plus Andorra, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, San Marino and Switzerland.

    Bringing some plants and plant products into Northern Ireland from areas within the EU is restricted because of the Northern Ireland ‘Protected Zone’ status against a range of pest and diseases.

    See a list of pests and diseases for which NI has PZ status.

    There is no personal allowance for plants in personal baggage when entering Northern Ireland from a non-EU (“third”) country. If you intend to bring plants or plant products (including cut flowers) with you into Northern Ireland from a non-EU country (including England, Scotland or Wales), then they must be accompanied by a valid phytosanitary (plant health) certificate, attesting that they are free from specific pests and diseases.

    An exemption exists for fruits of banana, coconut, durian, date and pineapple, which do not require a phytosanitary certificate for importation from outside the EU.

    Since April 2022, phytosanitary certificates can only be issued for plants grown and inspected on registered, professional premises until their time of sale / export.

    Hence, private individuals are no longer eligible to apply for a phytosanitary certificate to cover such plant movements and cannot legally bring these items with them from Great Britain into Northern Ireland.

    The above rules also apply if you want to order live “plants for planting” (including seeds, bulbs, tubers and corms) online or have them sent by mail.

    Read a summary of personal food import restrictions

    DAERA inspectors at ‘points of entry’ (ports and airports) are authorised to seize any materials deemed to be a potential risk to plant health, at their discretion.

    Also on this site
    Trading and moving goods in and out of Northern Ireland
    Starting to import
    Primary parent
    Food, drink and agriculture
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/personal-imports-plant-and-plant-products

    Links

  • Import and export of wood and bark

    Find out the requirements for importing and exporting wood and bark for Northern Ireland.

    There are certain requirements for importing and exporting wood and bark for Northern Ireland, this includes the wood packing for any other goods that are transported inside or outside the European Union (EU).

    The requirements help to prevent the spread of tree damaging pests and diseases.

    You can also read a guide to importation and export of wood and wood products for Northern Ireland.

    Forms - Wood and Bark

    Wood and Bark Import Inspection Fees

    Imports of wood or bark from countries outside the EU may be charged for documentary, identity or plant health checks. Imports must be notified to the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) using TRACES NT.

    Read more about charging procedures for documentary, identity and plant health checks for imported wood and bark.

    Also on this site
    Trading and moving goods in and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Food, drink and agriculture
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/import-and-export-wood-and-bark

    Links

  • Get a Phytosanitary Certificate

    Apply to get a Phytosanitary certificate using Phytosanitary Export Certificate Online (PECOL)

    Exports of certain plants and plant products to third countries may be prohibited by the importing country.

    Where exports are permitted, the regulated plants or plant products must normally be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate.

    This confirms that the regulated plants or plant products to which it relates have

    • been officially inspected in the country of origin (or country of dispatch)
    • comply with statutory requirements for entry into the importing country
    • are free from quarantine pests and diseases

    It is the responsibility of the individual wishing to export the plant or plant-related products to check with the importing (receiving) country what statutory requirements must be met to allow entry to that particular country. The importing country may issue you with an import permit which will list all the requirements clearly.

    As it may be necessary to carry out certain checks before issuing a phytosanitary certificate, you should submit an application at the earliest opportunity if considering an export.

    Phytosanitary Export Certificate Online (PECOL)

    PECOL is the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA's) online application system for phytosanitary certificates which replaces the older paper-based application method. DAERA will aim to provide the phytosanitary certificate within 10 working days of the online application being submitted.

    If an inspection is not required, the certificate can be collected from the DAERA Direct office nominated on the application, after receiving email notification from DAERA. As this email contains the unique reference number for your phytosanitary certificate, you or a representative of your business must bring a copy of this email with you for verification purposes. This may be printed or on an electronic device.

    Phytosanitary certificates, which are valid for 14 days, can also be posted if this has been requested at application.

    To apply for a phytosanitary certificate it is essential to have a DAERA issued business ID number. If you do not already have a business ID number then please contact your local DAERA Direct Office to request one.

    Get a Phytosanitary Certificate

    PECOL instructional videos

    Before you make an application you may want to watch the PECOL video, which guides you through the process for submitting an application. View the PECOL instructional video.

    Also on this site
    Trading and moving goods in and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Food, drink and agriculture
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/get-phytosanitary-certificate

    Links

NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 3: Products that need individual product labels from 1 July 2025

In this guide:

  • Labelling requirements for individual products, boxes and retailer premises in Northern Ireland

    Requirements for Northern Ireland retailers labelling certain agri-food products under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    There are specific requirements for Northern Ireland retailers labelling certain agri-food products under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme.

    Individual labels

    Under NIRMS, some food products require individual product labels with the words ‘Not for EU’. These requirements are being introduced in 3 phases from October 2023 to July 2025. This includes products imported into Great Britain from the EU and products from the rest of the world that can move under NIRMS.  

    Only products moving into Northern Ireland under NIRMS need to meet the labelling requirements.

    Phases 1 and 2

    All meat products and dairy products must be individually labelled.

    Check the descriptions of products included in phase 1 and phase 2.

    Phase 3

    From 1 July 2025, individual labels are also needed for:

    • some composite products
    • fruit and vegetables
    • ​​​​fish
    • some other products

    Check the descriptions of products included in phase 3.

    If products are individually labelled, you do not need to label the box.

    Not all products need to be individually labelled. You can also check the list of exempt products.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/labelling-requirements-individual-products-boxes-and-retailer-premises-northern-ireland

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 1: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2023

    From 1 October 2023 all meat products and some fresh dairy products that are moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland will need to be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    Individual labels are required on:

    • all prepacked meat and meat products (meat packed for the final consumer)
    • meat packed on sales premises
    • some dairy products

    Prepacked meat and meat products

    ‘Meat’ is defined as the edible parts of any animal intended for human consumption.

    ‘Meat products’ are meat that has been substantially altered by processing. This includes by heating, smoking, curing, maturing, drying, marinating, extraction, extrusion or a combination of those processes.

    Meat includes but is not limited to all fresh and frozen meats, such as:

    • pork, including bacon, sausages, joints
    • beef, including mince, joints, steaks, diced braising meat, burgers
    • chicken, including whole, breasts, fillets, diced meat, thighs, shredded chicken, sausages
    • lamb, including steaks, leg, shoulder, diced braising meat
    • duck meat, venison, other game meats
    • other similar meat and meat preparations
    • exotic meats
    • products which consist of animal fats, including gelatine or animal blood

    Meat products include:

    • chicken nuggets, chicken dippers, other breaded and battered chicken products, chicken wings and breasts in sauce (except where these are determined to be a composite product)
    • burgers, minced meats, sliced red meats, sausages including cocktail sausages
    • pâtés and similar meat-based spreads
    • duck and goose fats

    These products could be fresh, chilled, frozen, deep-frozen or thawed.

    Meat packed on sales premises

    This is meat that is prepared and packed before sale to a consumer, such as:

    • meat and animal origin products that are butchered on site, packaged and sold on the shop floor, such as cuts of steak or lamb, fresh poultry or cuts of game
    • meat products that are processed and packaged on site, such as fresh mince products or burgers
    • meat on supermarket deli or butcher counters where the product is packaged before sale

    Some dairy products (including both prepacked and packed on sales premises)

    This includes: 

    • pasteurised milk, buttermilk, or cream products
    • cottage cheese, quark cheese or raw ​​(unpasteurised) cheese
    • crème fraiche and sour cream

    Compound products

    Compound products are products that contain:

    • more than one product of animal origin (POAO)
    • no plant products other than those for flavouring

    Compound products are included in phase 1 if they contain products in the phase 1 list. For example, a pâté that has a duck and a dairy product, or a steak with a butter pellet. Both contain meat and dairy as the main ingredients and a small amount of plant products for flavour. They are therefore compound products and part of phase 1. Find out how to identify compound products.

    Commodity codes for products included in phase 1

    You can also use the lists of commodity codes to confirm which products need labels in phase 1.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-1-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-october-2023

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 2: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2024

    From 1 October 2024, in addition to the phase 1 products, all milk and dairy products moving to Northern Ireland under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme will need to be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    Since 1 October 2024, all milk and dairy products also need to be ​​individually labelled. 

    Dairy products

    Dairy products are products resulting from the processing of raw milk or other dairy products. Dairy products include, but are not restricted to:

    • all milk, including pasteurised, thermised and ultra-heat-treated (UHT) milk, condensed and evaporated milk, flavoured milk and milk with increased protein
    • buttermilk or cream produced from animal products, including flavoured products
    • cheeses produced from animal milk, including cottage cheese, hard cheeses, blue cheeses and cheeses with added herbs or fruit
    • yoghurt, including flavoured and natural yoghurts and those with increased protein
    • butter
    • custard, both fresh and ambient (shelf-stable)
    • whey and whey products
    • butteroil and other dairy-based oils
    • fermented dairy products, including kefir, koumiss, viili, fil, smetana, rjaženka and rūgušpiens
    • caseins and anhydrous milk fat (AMF)
    • ice cream made only from dairy products, stabilisers, flavourings and sweeteners. For example, a frozen yoghurt with added sugar and vanilla flavouring, or an all-dairy ice cream with no added oils

    Composite products

    Phase 2 does not include composite products that contain products from this list.

    Composite products are products that contain both:

    • plant products
    • processed POAO for human consumption

    For example, a chilled pizza with processed cheese does not need individual labelling in phase 2.

    It is not a composite product if a plant product only adds special characteristics to a POAO, such as flavour, sweetness or as a thickening or decorative agent. These products therefore need to be individually product labelled.

    The following examples are still defined as dairy products, as the plant product only adds flavour:

    • cheese with added herbs
    • yoghurt with added fruit
    • breaded cheese, such as mozzarella sticks

    Compound products

    Compound products that need labelling in phase 2 are dairy products combined with another POAO, such as dairy or fish. For example, fish with a cheese sauce or prawns packaged with a dairy dip.

    Commodity codes for products included in phase 2

    You can also use the lists of commodity codes to confirm which products need labels in phase 2.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-2-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-october-2024

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 3: Products that need individual product labels from 1 July 2025

    From 1 July 2025, additional food products that move through the Retail Movement Scheme must be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    From 1 July 2025, additional food and retail goods must be individually labelled. This includes composite products that are not shelf stable or require sanitary and phytosanitary controls, such as pizza.

    Composite products contain both products of plant origin and processed POAO for human consumption.

    Some plant-based products are subject to official controls, meaning they need individual labels.

    Pet food and the following products for humans need individual labels in phase 3.

    All pre-packed and sealed fruit and vegetables

    Such as:

    • packed fruit such as apples, oranges, blueberries
    • green beans, beansprouts and other packaged vegetables
    • herbs, including those in bags

    Some fruits are deregulated in accordance with plant health legislation and do not need individual labelling. Some fruits and vegetables that are processed do not need individual labelling. Read the list of exemptions to check which fruit products do not need individual labels.

    All fresh, frozen and processed fish

    Such as:

    • fresh fish such as haddock, cod, salmon, trout, monkfish
    • other fresh seafood such as prawns, crab, lobster
    • tinned fish such as tuna, anchovies, mackerel
    • breaded and battered fish products such as fillets and scampi
    • seafood sticks
    • fish pâté

    Other POAO

    Such as:

    • eggs
    • honey
    • food supplements produced from animal products, with no added plant products

    All chilled or frozen composite products and some chilled plant products that require certification or controls at a border control post (BCP)

    Such as:

    • quiches, lasagne, pork pies, scotch eggs, tortillas or omelettes, coleslaws, potato salads and other similar savoury snacks
    • pasta sauces, guacamole, thousand island dressing, gravy, and other similar sauces and dips
    • pizzas, raviolis and other pastas containing meat, pasties, pies, noodles containing meat, meal kits with dairy sauce, loaded fries, ready meals and other similar chilled meals
    • eclairs, doughnuts, tarts, trifles, sundaes, crumbles, pies, mousses, brownies, strudels and other similar chilled or frozen desserts
    • ice creams that are a mix of dairy products and plant products not used simply for flavouring (such as oils)
    • chilled soups containing meat, fish or dairy products
    • chilled dairy-based drinks such as iced lattes and milkshakes

    All shelf-stable composite products, unless they are listed in the ‘Exemptions’ section

    Shelf-stable composite products that do require individual labelling include:

    • baking ingredients
    • icing mixes
    • meal kits where they contain non-exempt POAO such as cheese
    • infant or baby powders and formula
    • mayonnaise and pesto

    High risk food of non-animal origin (HRFNAO), where it is controlled under Regulation 2019/1793

    Such as: 

    • rice originating from India or Pakistan
    • tea originating from China
    • peanuts (groundnuts) originating from the United States of America 

    The goods in scope of Regulation 2019/197 are updated on a regular basis. Check the legislation for an up-to-date list.

    Some cut flowers

    Cut flowers where they are listed in Part A of Annex XI and Annex XII to the phytosanitary conditions Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, such as:

    • cut conifer, pine and fir trees
    • cut Christmas trees
    • orchids
    • roses
    • chrysanthemum

    Exemptions: food products that do not need individual labels.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-3-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-july-2025

    Links

NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 2: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2024

In this guide:

  • Labelling requirements for individual products, boxes and retailer premises in Northern Ireland

    Requirements for Northern Ireland retailers labelling certain agri-food products under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    There are specific requirements for Northern Ireland retailers labelling certain agri-food products under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme.

    Individual labels

    Under NIRMS, some food products require individual product labels with the words ‘Not for EU’. These requirements are being introduced in 3 phases from October 2023 to July 2025. This includes products imported into Great Britain from the EU and products from the rest of the world that can move under NIRMS.  

    Only products moving into Northern Ireland under NIRMS need to meet the labelling requirements.

    Phases 1 and 2

    All meat products and dairy products must be individually labelled.

    Check the descriptions of products included in phase 1 and phase 2.

    Phase 3

    From 1 July 2025, individual labels are also needed for:

    • some composite products
    • fruit and vegetables
    • ​​​​fish
    • some other products

    Check the descriptions of products included in phase 3.

    If products are individually labelled, you do not need to label the box.

    Not all products need to be individually labelled. You can also check the list of exempt products.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/labelling-requirements-individual-products-boxes-and-retailer-premises-northern-ireland

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 1: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2023

    From 1 October 2023 all meat products and some fresh dairy products that are moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland will need to be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    Individual labels are required on:

    • all prepacked meat and meat products (meat packed for the final consumer)
    • meat packed on sales premises
    • some dairy products

    Prepacked meat and meat products

    ‘Meat’ is defined as the edible parts of any animal intended for human consumption.

    ‘Meat products’ are meat that has been substantially altered by processing. This includes by heating, smoking, curing, maturing, drying, marinating, extraction, extrusion or a combination of those processes.

    Meat includes but is not limited to all fresh and frozen meats, such as:

    • pork, including bacon, sausages, joints
    • beef, including mince, joints, steaks, diced braising meat, burgers
    • chicken, including whole, breasts, fillets, diced meat, thighs, shredded chicken, sausages
    • lamb, including steaks, leg, shoulder, diced braising meat
    • duck meat, venison, other game meats
    • other similar meat and meat preparations
    • exotic meats
    • products which consist of animal fats, including gelatine or animal blood

    Meat products include:

    • chicken nuggets, chicken dippers, other breaded and battered chicken products, chicken wings and breasts in sauce (except where these are determined to be a composite product)
    • burgers, minced meats, sliced red meats, sausages including cocktail sausages
    • pâtés and similar meat-based spreads
    • duck and goose fats

    These products could be fresh, chilled, frozen, deep-frozen or thawed.

    Meat packed on sales premises

    This is meat that is prepared and packed before sale to a consumer, such as:

    • meat and animal origin products that are butchered on site, packaged and sold on the shop floor, such as cuts of steak or lamb, fresh poultry or cuts of game
    • meat products that are processed and packaged on site, such as fresh mince products or burgers
    • meat on supermarket deli or butcher counters where the product is packaged before sale

    Some dairy products (including both prepacked and packed on sales premises)

    This includes: 

    • pasteurised milk, buttermilk, or cream products
    • cottage cheese, quark cheese or raw ​​(unpasteurised) cheese
    • crème fraiche and sour cream

    Compound products

    Compound products are products that contain:

    • more than one product of animal origin (POAO)
    • no plant products other than those for flavouring

    Compound products are included in phase 1 if they contain products in the phase 1 list. For example, a pâté that has a duck and a dairy product, or a steak with a butter pellet. Both contain meat and dairy as the main ingredients and a small amount of plant products for flavour. They are therefore compound products and part of phase 1. Find out how to identify compound products.

    Commodity codes for products included in phase 1

    You can also use the lists of commodity codes to confirm which products need labels in phase 1.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-1-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-october-2023

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 2: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2024

    From 1 October 2024, in addition to the phase 1 products, all milk and dairy products moving to Northern Ireland under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme will need to be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    Since 1 October 2024, all milk and dairy products also need to be ​​individually labelled. 

    Dairy products

    Dairy products are products resulting from the processing of raw milk or other dairy products. Dairy products include, but are not restricted to:

    • all milk, including pasteurised, thermised and ultra-heat-treated (UHT) milk, condensed and evaporated milk, flavoured milk and milk with increased protein
    • buttermilk or cream produced from animal products, including flavoured products
    • cheeses produced from animal milk, including cottage cheese, hard cheeses, blue cheeses and cheeses with added herbs or fruit
    • yoghurt, including flavoured and natural yoghurts and those with increased protein
    • butter
    • custard, both fresh and ambient (shelf-stable)
    • whey and whey products
    • butteroil and other dairy-based oils
    • fermented dairy products, including kefir, koumiss, viili, fil, smetana, rjaženka and rūgušpiens
    • caseins and anhydrous milk fat (AMF)
    • ice cream made only from dairy products, stabilisers, flavourings and sweeteners. For example, a frozen yoghurt with added sugar and vanilla flavouring, or an all-dairy ice cream with no added oils

    Composite products

    Phase 2 does not include composite products that contain products from this list.

    Composite products are products that contain both:

    • plant products
    • processed POAO for human consumption

    For example, a chilled pizza with processed cheese does not need individual labelling in phase 2.

    It is not a composite product if a plant product only adds special characteristics to a POAO, such as flavour, sweetness or as a thickening or decorative agent. These products therefore need to be individually product labelled.

    The following examples are still defined as dairy products, as the plant product only adds flavour:

    • cheese with added herbs
    • yoghurt with added fruit
    • breaded cheese, such as mozzarella sticks

    Compound products

    Compound products that need labelling in phase 2 are dairy products combined with another POAO, such as dairy or fish. For example, fish with a cheese sauce or prawns packaged with a dairy dip.

    Commodity codes for products included in phase 2

    You can also use the lists of commodity codes to confirm which products need labels in phase 2.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-2-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-october-2024

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 3: Products that need individual product labels from 1 July 2025

    From 1 July 2025, additional food products that move through the Retail Movement Scheme must be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    From 1 July 2025, additional food and retail goods must be individually labelled. This includes composite products that are not shelf stable or require sanitary and phytosanitary controls, such as pizza.

    Composite products contain both products of plant origin and processed POAO for human consumption.

    Some plant-based products are subject to official controls, meaning they need individual labels.

    Pet food and the following products for humans need individual labels in phase 3.

    All pre-packed and sealed fruit and vegetables

    Such as:

    • packed fruit such as apples, oranges, blueberries
    • green beans, beansprouts and other packaged vegetables
    • herbs, including those in bags

    Some fruits are deregulated in accordance with plant health legislation and do not need individual labelling. Some fruits and vegetables that are processed do not need individual labelling. Read the list of exemptions to check which fruit products do not need individual labels.

    All fresh, frozen and processed fish

    Such as:

    • fresh fish such as haddock, cod, salmon, trout, monkfish
    • other fresh seafood such as prawns, crab, lobster
    • tinned fish such as tuna, anchovies, mackerel
    • breaded and battered fish products such as fillets and scampi
    • seafood sticks
    • fish pâté

    Other POAO

    Such as:

    • eggs
    • honey
    • food supplements produced from animal products, with no added plant products

    All chilled or frozen composite products and some chilled plant products that require certification or controls at a border control post (BCP)

    Such as:

    • quiches, lasagne, pork pies, scotch eggs, tortillas or omelettes, coleslaws, potato salads and other similar savoury snacks
    • pasta sauces, guacamole, thousand island dressing, gravy, and other similar sauces and dips
    • pizzas, raviolis and other pastas containing meat, pasties, pies, noodles containing meat, meal kits with dairy sauce, loaded fries, ready meals and other similar chilled meals
    • eclairs, doughnuts, tarts, trifles, sundaes, crumbles, pies, mousses, brownies, strudels and other similar chilled or frozen desserts
    • ice creams that are a mix of dairy products and plant products not used simply for flavouring (such as oils)
    • chilled soups containing meat, fish or dairy products
    • chilled dairy-based drinks such as iced lattes and milkshakes

    All shelf-stable composite products, unless they are listed in the ‘Exemptions’ section

    Shelf-stable composite products that do require individual labelling include:

    • baking ingredients
    • icing mixes
    • meal kits where they contain non-exempt POAO such as cheese
    • infant or baby powders and formula
    • mayonnaise and pesto

    High risk food of non-animal origin (HRFNAO), where it is controlled under Regulation 2019/1793

    Such as: 

    • rice originating from India or Pakistan
    • tea originating from China
    • peanuts (groundnuts) originating from the United States of America 

    The goods in scope of Regulation 2019/197 are updated on a regular basis. Check the legislation for an up-to-date list.

    Some cut flowers

    Cut flowers where they are listed in Part A of Annex XI and Annex XII to the phytosanitary conditions Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, such as:

    • cut conifer, pine and fir trees
    • cut Christmas trees
    • orchids
    • roses
    • chrysanthemum

    Exemptions: food products that do not need individual labels.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-3-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-july-2025

    Links

NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 1: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2023

In this guide:

  • Labelling requirements for individual products, boxes and retailer premises in Northern Ireland

    Requirements for Northern Ireland retailers labelling certain agri-food products under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    There are specific requirements for Northern Ireland retailers labelling certain agri-food products under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme.

    Individual labels

    Under NIRMS, some food products require individual product labels with the words ‘Not for EU’. These requirements are being introduced in 3 phases from October 2023 to July 2025. This includes products imported into Great Britain from the EU and products from the rest of the world that can move under NIRMS.  

    Only products moving into Northern Ireland under NIRMS need to meet the labelling requirements.

    Phases 1 and 2

    All meat products and dairy products must be individually labelled.

    Check the descriptions of products included in phase 1 and phase 2.

    Phase 3

    From 1 July 2025, individual labels are also needed for:

    • some composite products
    • fruit and vegetables
    • ​​​​fish
    • some other products

    Check the descriptions of products included in phase 3.

    If products are individually labelled, you do not need to label the box.

    Not all products need to be individually labelled. You can also check the list of exempt products.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/labelling-requirements-individual-products-boxes-and-retailer-premises-northern-ireland

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 1: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2023

    From 1 October 2023 all meat products and some fresh dairy products that are moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland will need to be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    Individual labels are required on:

    • all prepacked meat and meat products (meat packed for the final consumer)
    • meat packed on sales premises
    • some dairy products

    Prepacked meat and meat products

    ‘Meat’ is defined as the edible parts of any animal intended for human consumption.

    ‘Meat products’ are meat that has been substantially altered by processing. This includes by heating, smoking, curing, maturing, drying, marinating, extraction, extrusion or a combination of those processes.

    Meat includes but is not limited to all fresh and frozen meats, such as:

    • pork, including bacon, sausages, joints
    • beef, including mince, joints, steaks, diced braising meat, burgers
    • chicken, including whole, breasts, fillets, diced meat, thighs, shredded chicken, sausages
    • lamb, including steaks, leg, shoulder, diced braising meat
    • duck meat, venison, other game meats
    • other similar meat and meat preparations
    • exotic meats
    • products which consist of animal fats, including gelatine or animal blood

    Meat products include:

    • chicken nuggets, chicken dippers, other breaded and battered chicken products, chicken wings and breasts in sauce (except where these are determined to be a composite product)
    • burgers, minced meats, sliced red meats, sausages including cocktail sausages
    • pâtés and similar meat-based spreads
    • duck and goose fats

    These products could be fresh, chilled, frozen, deep-frozen or thawed.

    Meat packed on sales premises

    This is meat that is prepared and packed before sale to a consumer, such as:

    • meat and animal origin products that are butchered on site, packaged and sold on the shop floor, such as cuts of steak or lamb, fresh poultry or cuts of game
    • meat products that are processed and packaged on site, such as fresh mince products or burgers
    • meat on supermarket deli or butcher counters where the product is packaged before sale

    Some dairy products (including both prepacked and packed on sales premises)

    This includes: 

    • pasteurised milk, buttermilk, or cream products
    • cottage cheese, quark cheese or raw ​​(unpasteurised) cheese
    • crème fraiche and sour cream

    Compound products

    Compound products are products that contain:

    • more than one product of animal origin (POAO)
    • no plant products other than those for flavouring

    Compound products are included in phase 1 if they contain products in the phase 1 list. For example, a pâté that has a duck and a dairy product, or a steak with a butter pellet. Both contain meat and dairy as the main ingredients and a small amount of plant products for flavour. They are therefore compound products and part of phase 1. Find out how to identify compound products.

    Commodity codes for products included in phase 1

    You can also use the lists of commodity codes to confirm which products need labels in phase 1.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-1-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-october-2023

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 2: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2024

    From 1 October 2024, in addition to the phase 1 products, all milk and dairy products moving to Northern Ireland under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme will need to be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    Since 1 October 2024, all milk and dairy products also need to be ​​individually labelled. 

    Dairy products

    Dairy products are products resulting from the processing of raw milk or other dairy products. Dairy products include, but are not restricted to:

    • all milk, including pasteurised, thermised and ultra-heat-treated (UHT) milk, condensed and evaporated milk, flavoured milk and milk with increased protein
    • buttermilk or cream produced from animal products, including flavoured products
    • cheeses produced from animal milk, including cottage cheese, hard cheeses, blue cheeses and cheeses with added herbs or fruit
    • yoghurt, including flavoured and natural yoghurts and those with increased protein
    • butter
    • custard, both fresh and ambient (shelf-stable)
    • whey and whey products
    • butteroil and other dairy-based oils
    • fermented dairy products, including kefir, koumiss, viili, fil, smetana, rjaženka and rūgušpiens
    • caseins and anhydrous milk fat (AMF)
    • ice cream made only from dairy products, stabilisers, flavourings and sweeteners. For example, a frozen yoghurt with added sugar and vanilla flavouring, or an all-dairy ice cream with no added oils

    Composite products

    Phase 2 does not include composite products that contain products from this list.

    Composite products are products that contain both:

    • plant products
    • processed POAO for human consumption

    For example, a chilled pizza with processed cheese does not need individual labelling in phase 2.

    It is not a composite product if a plant product only adds special characteristics to a POAO, such as flavour, sweetness or as a thickening or decorative agent. These products therefore need to be individually product labelled.

    The following examples are still defined as dairy products, as the plant product only adds flavour:

    • cheese with added herbs
    • yoghurt with added fruit
    • breaded cheese, such as mozzarella sticks

    Compound products

    Compound products that need labelling in phase 2 are dairy products combined with another POAO, such as dairy or fish. For example, fish with a cheese sauce or prawns packaged with a dairy dip.

    Commodity codes for products included in phase 2

    You can also use the lists of commodity codes to confirm which products need labels in phase 2.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-2-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-october-2024

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 3: Products that need individual product labels from 1 July 2025

    From 1 July 2025, additional food products that move through the Retail Movement Scheme must be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    From 1 July 2025, additional food and retail goods must be individually labelled. This includes composite products that are not shelf stable or require sanitary and phytosanitary controls, such as pizza.

    Composite products contain both products of plant origin and processed POAO for human consumption.

    Some plant-based products are subject to official controls, meaning they need individual labels.

    Pet food and the following products for humans need individual labels in phase 3.

    All pre-packed and sealed fruit and vegetables

    Such as:

    • packed fruit such as apples, oranges, blueberries
    • green beans, beansprouts and other packaged vegetables
    • herbs, including those in bags

    Some fruits are deregulated in accordance with plant health legislation and do not need individual labelling. Some fruits and vegetables that are processed do not need individual labelling. Read the list of exemptions to check which fruit products do not need individual labels.

    All fresh, frozen and processed fish

    Such as:

    • fresh fish such as haddock, cod, salmon, trout, monkfish
    • other fresh seafood such as prawns, crab, lobster
    • tinned fish such as tuna, anchovies, mackerel
    • breaded and battered fish products such as fillets and scampi
    • seafood sticks
    • fish pâté

    Other POAO

    Such as:

    • eggs
    • honey
    • food supplements produced from animal products, with no added plant products

    All chilled or frozen composite products and some chilled plant products that require certification or controls at a border control post (BCP)

    Such as:

    • quiches, lasagne, pork pies, scotch eggs, tortillas or omelettes, coleslaws, potato salads and other similar savoury snacks
    • pasta sauces, guacamole, thousand island dressing, gravy, and other similar sauces and dips
    • pizzas, raviolis and other pastas containing meat, pasties, pies, noodles containing meat, meal kits with dairy sauce, loaded fries, ready meals and other similar chilled meals
    • eclairs, doughnuts, tarts, trifles, sundaes, crumbles, pies, mousses, brownies, strudels and other similar chilled or frozen desserts
    • ice creams that are a mix of dairy products and plant products not used simply for flavouring (such as oils)
    • chilled soups containing meat, fish or dairy products
    • chilled dairy-based drinks such as iced lattes and milkshakes

    All shelf-stable composite products, unless they are listed in the ‘Exemptions’ section

    Shelf-stable composite products that do require individual labelling include:

    • baking ingredients
    • icing mixes
    • meal kits where they contain non-exempt POAO such as cheese
    • infant or baby powders and formula
    • mayonnaise and pesto

    High risk food of non-animal origin (HRFNAO), where it is controlled under Regulation 2019/1793

    Such as: 

    • rice originating from India or Pakistan
    • tea originating from China
    • peanuts (groundnuts) originating from the United States of America 

    The goods in scope of Regulation 2019/197 are updated on a regular basis. Check the legislation for an up-to-date list.

    Some cut flowers

    Cut flowers where they are listed in Part A of Annex XI and Annex XII to the phytosanitary conditions Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, such as:

    • cut conifer, pine and fir trees
    • cut Christmas trees
    • orchids
    • roses
    • chrysanthemum

    Exemptions: food products that do not need individual labels.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-3-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-july-2025

    Links

Labelling requirements for individual products, boxes and retailer premises in Northern Ireland

In this guide:

  • Labelling requirements for individual products, boxes and retailer premises in Northern Ireland

    Requirements for Northern Ireland retailers labelling certain agri-food products under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    There are specific requirements for Northern Ireland retailers labelling certain agri-food products under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme.

    Individual labels

    Under NIRMS, some food products require individual product labels with the words ‘Not for EU’. These requirements are being introduced in 3 phases from October 2023 to July 2025. This includes products imported into Great Britain from the EU and products from the rest of the world that can move under NIRMS.  

    Only products moving into Northern Ireland under NIRMS need to meet the labelling requirements.

    Phases 1 and 2

    All meat products and dairy products must be individually labelled.

    Check the descriptions of products included in phase 1 and phase 2.

    Phase 3

    From 1 July 2025, individual labels are also needed for:

    • some composite products
    • fruit and vegetables
    • ​​​​fish
    • some other products

    Check the descriptions of products included in phase 3.

    If products are individually labelled, you do not need to label the box.

    Not all products need to be individually labelled. You can also check the list of exempt products.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/labelling-requirements-individual-products-boxes-and-retailer-premises-northern-ireland

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 1: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2023

    From 1 October 2023 all meat products and some fresh dairy products that are moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland will need to be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    Individual labels are required on:

    • all prepacked meat and meat products (meat packed for the final consumer)
    • meat packed on sales premises
    • some dairy products

    Prepacked meat and meat products

    ‘Meat’ is defined as the edible parts of any animal intended for human consumption.

    ‘Meat products’ are meat that has been substantially altered by processing. This includes by heating, smoking, curing, maturing, drying, marinating, extraction, extrusion or a combination of those processes.

    Meat includes but is not limited to all fresh and frozen meats, such as:

    • pork, including bacon, sausages, joints
    • beef, including mince, joints, steaks, diced braising meat, burgers
    • chicken, including whole, breasts, fillets, diced meat, thighs, shredded chicken, sausages
    • lamb, including steaks, leg, shoulder, diced braising meat
    • duck meat, venison, other game meats
    • other similar meat and meat preparations
    • exotic meats
    • products which consist of animal fats, including gelatine or animal blood

    Meat products include:

    • chicken nuggets, chicken dippers, other breaded and battered chicken products, chicken wings and breasts in sauce (except where these are determined to be a composite product)
    • burgers, minced meats, sliced red meats, sausages including cocktail sausages
    • pâtés and similar meat-based spreads
    • duck and goose fats

    These products could be fresh, chilled, frozen, deep-frozen or thawed.

    Meat packed on sales premises

    This is meat that is prepared and packed before sale to a consumer, such as:

    • meat and animal origin products that are butchered on site, packaged and sold on the shop floor, such as cuts of steak or lamb, fresh poultry or cuts of game
    • meat products that are processed and packaged on site, such as fresh mince products or burgers
    • meat on supermarket deli or butcher counters where the product is packaged before sale

    Some dairy products (including both prepacked and packed on sales premises)

    This includes: 

    • pasteurised milk, buttermilk, or cream products
    • cottage cheese, quark cheese or raw ​​(unpasteurised) cheese
    • crème fraiche and sour cream

    Compound products

    Compound products are products that contain:

    • more than one product of animal origin (POAO)
    • no plant products other than those for flavouring

    Compound products are included in phase 1 if they contain products in the phase 1 list. For example, a pâté that has a duck and a dairy product, or a steak with a butter pellet. Both contain meat and dairy as the main ingredients and a small amount of plant products for flavour. They are therefore compound products and part of phase 1. Find out how to identify compound products.

    Commodity codes for products included in phase 1

    You can also use the lists of commodity codes to confirm which products need labels in phase 1.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-1-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-october-2023

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 2: Products that need individual product labels from 1 October 2024

    From 1 October 2024, in addition to the phase 1 products, all milk and dairy products moving to Northern Ireland under the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme will need to be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    Since 1 October 2024, all milk and dairy products also need to be ​​individually labelled. 

    Dairy products

    Dairy products are products resulting from the processing of raw milk or other dairy products. Dairy products include, but are not restricted to:

    • all milk, including pasteurised, thermised and ultra-heat-treated (UHT) milk, condensed and evaporated milk, flavoured milk and milk with increased protein
    • buttermilk or cream produced from animal products, including flavoured products
    • cheeses produced from animal milk, including cottage cheese, hard cheeses, blue cheeses and cheeses with added herbs or fruit
    • yoghurt, including flavoured and natural yoghurts and those with increased protein
    • butter
    • custard, both fresh and ambient (shelf-stable)
    • whey and whey products
    • butteroil and other dairy-based oils
    • fermented dairy products, including kefir, koumiss, viili, fil, smetana, rjaženka and rūgušpiens
    • caseins and anhydrous milk fat (AMF)
    • ice cream made only from dairy products, stabilisers, flavourings and sweeteners. For example, a frozen yoghurt with added sugar and vanilla flavouring, or an all-dairy ice cream with no added oils

    Composite products

    Phase 2 does not include composite products that contain products from this list.

    Composite products are products that contain both:

    • plant products
    • processed POAO for human consumption

    For example, a chilled pizza with processed cheese does not need individual labelling in phase 2.

    It is not a composite product if a plant product only adds special characteristics to a POAO, such as flavour, sweetness or as a thickening or decorative agent. These products therefore need to be individually product labelled.

    The following examples are still defined as dairy products, as the plant product only adds flavour:

    • cheese with added herbs
    • yoghurt with added fruit
    • breaded cheese, such as mozzarella sticks

    Compound products

    Compound products that need labelling in phase 2 are dairy products combined with another POAO, such as dairy or fish. For example, fish with a cheese sauce or prawns packaged with a dairy dip.

    Commodity codes for products included in phase 2

    You can also use the lists of commodity codes to confirm which products need labels in phase 2.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-2-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-october-2024

    Links

  • NI Retail Movement Scheme phase 3: Products that need individual product labels from 1 July 2025

    From 1 July 2025, additional food products that move through the Retail Movement Scheme must be individually labelled.

    Last updated: 16 June 2025

    From 1 July 2025, additional food and retail goods must be individually labelled. This includes composite products that are not shelf stable or require sanitary and phytosanitary controls, such as pizza.

    Composite products contain both products of plant origin and processed POAO for human consumption.

    Some plant-based products are subject to official controls, meaning they need individual labels.

    Pet food and the following products for humans need individual labels in phase 3.

    All pre-packed and sealed fruit and vegetables

    Such as:

    • packed fruit such as apples, oranges, blueberries
    • green beans, beansprouts and other packaged vegetables
    • herbs, including those in bags

    Some fruits are deregulated in accordance with plant health legislation and do not need individual labelling. Some fruits and vegetables that are processed do not need individual labelling. Read the list of exemptions to check which fruit products do not need individual labels.

    All fresh, frozen and processed fish

    Such as:

    • fresh fish such as haddock, cod, salmon, trout, monkfish
    • other fresh seafood such as prawns, crab, lobster
    • tinned fish such as tuna, anchovies, mackerel
    • breaded and battered fish products such as fillets and scampi
    • seafood sticks
    • fish pâté

    Other POAO

    Such as:

    • eggs
    • honey
    • food supplements produced from animal products, with no added plant products

    All chilled or frozen composite products and some chilled plant products that require certification or controls at a border control post (BCP)

    Such as:

    • quiches, lasagne, pork pies, scotch eggs, tortillas or omelettes, coleslaws, potato salads and other similar savoury snacks
    • pasta sauces, guacamole, thousand island dressing, gravy, and other similar sauces and dips
    • pizzas, raviolis and other pastas containing meat, pasties, pies, noodles containing meat, meal kits with dairy sauce, loaded fries, ready meals and other similar chilled meals
    • eclairs, doughnuts, tarts, trifles, sundaes, crumbles, pies, mousses, brownies, strudels and other similar chilled or frozen desserts
    • ice creams that are a mix of dairy products and plant products not used simply for flavouring (such as oils)
    • chilled soups containing meat, fish or dairy products
    • chilled dairy-based drinks such as iced lattes and milkshakes

    All shelf-stable composite products, unless they are listed in the ‘Exemptions’ section

    Shelf-stable composite products that do require individual labelling include:

    • baking ingredients
    • icing mixes
    • meal kits where they contain non-exempt POAO such as cheese
    • infant or baby powders and formula
    • mayonnaise and pesto

    High risk food of non-animal origin (HRFNAO), where it is controlled under Regulation 2019/1793

    Such as: 

    • rice originating from India or Pakistan
    • tea originating from China
    • peanuts (groundnuts) originating from the United States of America 

    The goods in scope of Regulation 2019/197 are updated on a regular basis. Check the legislation for an up-to-date list.

    Some cut flowers

    Cut flowers where they are listed in Part A of Annex XI and Annex XII to the phytosanitary conditions Regulation (EU) 2019/2072, such as:

    • cut conifer, pine and fir trees
    • cut Christmas trees
    • orchids
    • roses
    • chrysanthemum

    Exemptions: food products that do not need individual labels.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Sign up for the Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme
    Northern Ireland Retail Movement Scheme: how the scheme works
    Sign up for the Trader Support Service to move goods into and out of Northern Ireland
    Primary parent
    Import and export procedures
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/ni-retail-movement-scheme-phase-3-products-need-individual-product-labels-1-july-2025

    Links

Benefits of the UK-New Zealand free trade agreement

In this guide:

  • Advantages and challenges of exporting to New Zealand-old

    Be aware of the advantages and challenges of doing business in New Zealand.

    There are advantages and also potential challenges for Northern Ireland companies doing business in New Zealand.

    Advantages of exporting to New Zealand

    New Zealand can offers numerous benefits to companies looking to do business in the region including:

    • similar legal and financial systems to the UK
    • excellent test market for niche and high-value products and services
    • English speaking
    • low corruption levels
    • stable political system
    • ranks first of 189 economies for ease of doing business
    • geographic position allows for easy access to Pacific Island market
    • opposite time zones allow for 24 hour working
    • small but developed market
    • strong Intellectual Property (IP) and regulatory systems

    Challenges of exporting to New Zealand

    Doing business in New Zealand is very similar to doing business in the UK. If your product or service is successful in the UK, there's a good chance you'll be successful in New Zealand. At present there are no major challenges to UK companies.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Preparing to export
    Are you ready to export?
    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/advantages-and-challenges-exporting-new-zealand-old

    Links

  • Sectoral opportunities in New Zealand

    There are a number of sectors that could potentially offer some opportunities to Northern Ireland companies.

    There are a number of sectors that could potentially offer some opportunities to Northern Ireland companies. Opportunities exist across a wide range of sectors, including infrastructure, technology, agri-technology and e-commerce.

    New Zealand's small open market also makes it a sound choice for Northern Ireland SME companies new to exporting.

    There are opportunities for UK companies across a broad range of industries.

    Infrastructure

    New Zealand is investing heavily to update and create new critical infrastructure to cope with increased demand. An estimated 129 billion New Zealand dollars is expected to be spent on capital projects between 2019 and 2029 (New Zealand Treasury, 2019) which will present opportunities for UK businesses. Cyclone Gabrielle (February 2023) has also presented new infrastructure challenges and opportunities.

    Technology

    Technology is New Zealand’s fastest growing industry (New Zealand Technology Investment Association, 2021), with the sector increasing 11% between 2019 and 2020. Telecommunications, computer and information services were the third largest UK service export to New Zealand in the 4 quarters to the end of Q1 2019 (ONS, 2019).

    Fintech

    New Zealand’s fintech sector is the fastest-growing component of the technology sector. The 5 year compound annual growth rate is 38% and 5 year revenue growth is 705 million New Zealand dollars. The profitability in the New Zealand financial sector provides opportunities for innovative UK fintech companies. It is a small, yet dynamic market with tech savvy consumers and a sophisticated, profitable financial services sector.

    Agri-technology

    Agriculture is New Zealand’s largest export sector. Both the UK and New Zealand share similar challenges of clean growth including enhancing productivity in human nutrition whilst protecting the environment.

    E-commerce

    There has been an exponential growth in online shopping in New Zealand with over half of all Kiwis regularly shopping on their devices. With no local presence of eBay or Amazon, domestic platforms such as Trade Me and The Market dominate the e-commerce sector creating opportunities for UK retail companies.

    Food and drink

    New Zealand is an excellent choice for UK food and drink producers looking for smaller markets to expand into. The food and drink sector are important to New Zealand’s economy both in terms of exports and its domestic market.

    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/sectoral-opportunities-new-zealand

    Links

  • Taxes, duty and legal considerations when exporting to New Zealand

    Find out about the numerous things you need to consider before you start exporting to New Zealand.

    There are a lot of things to consider before you start exporting to New Zealand.

    It's essential to find out about local rules and regulations on tax and duty in your intended market.

    VAT

    Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a tax on most goods and services in New Zealand. The current GST rate is 15%. Learn more about GST.

    Import duties

    All goods imported into New Zealand for business or commercial purposes are liable for customs duty, GST and other applicable fees. Indicative rates can be found in the Working Tariff Document of New Zealand. Find out how the charges are calculated.

    Standards and technical regulations

    All products sold in New Zealand must be safe. The two key laws that deal with product safety are the:

    • Consumer Guarantees Act, which gives minimum standards of quality for goods and services
    • Fair Trading Act, which promotes product safety

    Importers must ensure products meet the minimum standards for the products to be allowed to enter the country. You can check the required standards at Standards New Zealand.

    Labelling requirements

    Packaging must meet New Zealand consumer health and environmental legislation. There are specific labelling requirements for:

    • chemical products
    • cosmetics
    • electronic goods
    • foodstuffs
    • most therapeutic products

    All labelling must use the metric system.

    You can read guidance on food labelling from Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ).

    Payment terms

    Payment terms and method should be set out in your contract and must be factored into prices. For business-to-business transactions these can range from immediate payments on receipt of goods (often with a negotiated small discount) to a negotiated 60-day payment.

    Intellectual property

    Intellectual property (IP) rights are territorial. Rights granted in the UK do not provide protection elsewhere. You should consider getting IP protection abroad if you want to trade overseas or sell to overseas customers via the internet.

    The Intellectual Property Office’s International IP Service provides practical information to help you protect, manage and enforce your IP abroad. Further support can be accessed through the service’s network of IP attachés. Based in key UK export markets, they provide guidance to British businesses on local IP matters.

    Business culture

    In general, business etiquette is very similar to the UK. Face-to-face meetings can be very important to develop business relationships and prompt replies to enquires are recommended. Visits should be planned in advance – ideally at least four weeks.

    Punctuality is very important. New Zealanders tend to be informal in their business interactions. First-name terms tend to be the norm in most business situations. Directness and plain speaking are valued.

    New Zealanders often take holidays during school holiday periods, especially over the New Zealand summer holiday period, which is January. As a result, visits during these times may not be productive.

    Logistical challenges

    New Zealand’s distance from the UK means you may face challenges in:

    • travelling (at least 24 hours from the UK by plane)
    • the time difference (12 to 13 hours ahead of the UK)
    Actions
    Keep track of trading regulations in export markets
    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
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  • Benefits of the UK-New Zealand free trade agreement

    The UK has signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with New Zealand which will make exporting to New Zealand cheaper, faster and more secure for UK businesses.

    The UK has signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with New Zealand which will make exporting to New Zealand cheaper, faster and more secure for UK businesses.

    How to utilise the FTA

    The UK-New Zealand FTA contains many new improvements and opportunities for UK businesses seeking to export to New Zealand.

    From more flexible rules of origin and customs clearance, to specialised support for small traders.

    Benefits of the UK-New Zealand FTA include:

    • more flexible rules of origin when exporting goods that are better suited to modern supply chains
    • equal treatment and improved business environment for UK businesses operating in New Zealand
    • easier travel rules for UK businesspeople wishing to deliver services in New Zealand

    Some of the provisions in the new FTA will apply automatically, whilst others may require you to take action first before you can benefit. The action(s) you will need to take also depends on the type of goods or services you are selling.

    Read more about how to take advantage of the UK’s other free trade agreements

    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
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    Source URL

    /content/benefits-uk-new-zealand-free-trade-agreement

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  • Support available for exporting to New Zealand

    There are a range of support options available to help you export to New Zealand.

    Developing exports to New Zealand could be a key part of growing your business. But breaking into the market can be challenging. The right support and advice can significantly improve your prospects.

    Invest NI offers a comprehensive range of advice, plus additional support services for businesses.

    As well as Invest NI, there are other sources of support.

    • The Northern Ireland Chamber of Commerce (NICC) provides trade support services and networking opportunities.
    • Department for Business and Trade (DBT) in-market support - eligible UK businesses can access trade expertise and knowledge on exporting to specific countries from the DBT global network of international market hubs.
    • UK Tradeshow Programme - UK businesses exporting, or thinking about exporting, can apply for support to exhibit at, or attend, approved overseas trade shows and conferences; potentially receive grants to offset some costs.
    • A freight forwarder can organise delivery and customs clearance, minimising the logistical problems you deal with directly.
    • Your bank can advise you on the most appropriate form of financing and how to protect yourself against foreign exchange risks and non-payment.
    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/support-available-exporting-new-zealand

    Links

Support available for exporting to Germany

In this guide:

  • Advantages and challenges of exporting to Germany

    Be aware of the advantages and challenges of doing business in Germany.

    There are advantages and also potential challenges for Northern Ireland companies doing business in Germany.

    Germany is an attractive market for investors as well as new business owners. It is the largest economy in Europe and ranks as the fourth-largest global economy.

    Advantages of exporting to Germany

    Germany can offers numerous benefits to companies looking to do business in the region including:

    • dual market access allows businesses in Northern Ireland to trade goods freely with Germany as it is part of the European Union. Read more about how to take advantage of dual market access.
    • one of the world’s largest and most stable trading economies
    • is among the top ten most innovative countries worldwide
    • largest consumer market in the European Union
    • offers a variety of incentive programs and public funding options

    Challenges of exporting to Germany

    You should also be aware of some challenges you could face when exporting to Germany including:

    • it can be challenging to form a business due to complex bureaucratic requirements
    • tax laws can be complicated
    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/advantages-and-challenges-exporting-germany

    Links

  • Germany: Dual market access

    Learn what dual market access is and what the benefits are when exporting to Germany.

    The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 countries. 

    Dual market access allows businesses in Northern Ireland to trade goods freely with Germany as it is part of the European Union.

    What is dual market access?

    Dual market access allows businesses in Northern Ireland to trade goods freely with both Great Britain and the European Union.

    This means goods can move from Northern Ireland to Great Britain and the EU without customs checks or tariffs, offering businesses a competitive advantage in both markets.

    What are the benefits of dual market access when exporting to Germany?

    With dual market access, your manufacturing business based in Northern Ireland can: 

    • Expand your customer base: Sell goods seamlessly to both GB and EU markets.
    • Avoid trade barriers: no customs declarations or tariffs when trading with the EU.
    • Enhance your competitiveness: access to two major markets provides a unique edge over businesses operating in only one.
    • Reduce compliance costs: Northern Ireland maintains regulatory alignment on goods with EU regulations and there are no additional approvals required to place qualifying goods on the on the market in GB.
    • Simplify your supply chains: businesses in Northern Ireland can act as a gateway between the UK and EU, leveraging their unique position to enhance logistics and distribution networks.  

    Dual market access presents opportunities for businesses meaning that Northern Ireland-based companies can strengthen relationships with both UK and EU customers while maintaining supply chain efficiency. 

    Read more about how you can maximise the opportunities of dual market access.

    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/germany-dual-market-access

    Links

  • Sectoral opportunities in Germany

    There are a number of sectors that could potentially offer some opportunities to Northern Ireland companies.

    Opportunities exist for UK companies across a wide range of sectors, including technology, automotive, health and life sciences, food and drink and renewable energy.

    There are a number of sectors that could potentially offer some opportunities to Northern Ireland companies.

    Renewable energy

    Germany is the EU’s largest market contributing 21% to GDP. The new government will increase the target for renewables from 65% to 80% by 2030 with impressive growth trajectories for offshore wind, hydrogen, grid technologies and solar. This is fertile ground for UK exporters.

    Growth potential for offshore wind

    Offshore wind will increase from 20GW to 30GW by 2030, 50GW in 2035, and 70GW in 2045. Upcoming opportunities include marine geophysical, geotechnical and environmental survey services, design planning and engineering services, CTVs, SOVs, logistic and transport services. There will also be opportunities in remote and autonomous technological solutions enabling condition monitoring and maintenance and blade recycling.

    Hydrogen

    German H2 strategy envisages 5 Gigawatts (GW) of generating capacity by 2030, plus 5 GW by 2035 to 2040 latest. A new supply chain and innovative solutions are required to replace the fossil resource in ~217 Terrawatt power for industry alone. €9bn funding (€2billion dedicated to R&D) are allocated to build it. With 30 small scale pilot projects underway, the German Hydrogen market will be working closely with UK projects and companies.

    Photovoltaic and solar thermal

    New developments in photovoltaic and solar thermal opportunities are emerging due to targeted expansion of solar power to around 200GW by 2030, compared to 54GW installed capacity in Q4 2020. In future, solar power installation will become mandatory on commercial property, and encouraged on domestic building. Germany occupies one quarter of the EU market with around 80.7 GWp, more than double of Spain and Italy’s 30GWp.

    Future mobility

    The future mobility sector remains the strongest and most export-driven industry in Germany with a total turnover of €410.9 billion and 786,100 people employed in the industry as a whole in 2021. It’s transition towards connected and autonomous vehicles, and clean mobility creates excellent opportunities for UK companies providing solutions in vehicle connectivity, mobility management, sustainable mobility, and battery technology development.

    Investment in future mobility

    German automotive companies are investing heavily to meet the transport needs of the future and contribute to decarbonisation efforts. They transform their business from a manufacturer to a 'future mobility' service provider. With an increased focus in autonomous technologies, energy efficiency and battery technology new opportunities arise for UK companies.

    Demand for UK skills

    The biggest challenge German automotive companies are facing is the need for new software and engineering talent. The UK's reputation for high-end engineering and software skills is recognised in Germany. Automotive companies are also more open than ever to engaging in partnerships, rather than direct procurement.

    Ties with the UK

    The ties between the German and UK automotive industries run deep. Leading global players based in Germany have significant existing manufacturing ties to the UK, including VW, BMW, Ford, Daimler AG, Opel and Bosch. The UK automotive industry is close to home for German carmakers and respected for its business practice and innovation.

    Health and life sciences

    Germany is at the forefront of healthcare innovation while also being the number one in Europe’s healthcare market by market volume, number of patients and healthcare providers. In this sophisticated and demanding market, the opportunity for companies providing innovative products and services is substantial.

    Market size

    Germany offers one of Europe’s largest markets for healthcare and life sciences products. Healthcare expenditure reached €457 billion with an annual growth of 5.4% in 2021. High market demand and Germany’s strategic location make it a preferred choice for many international healthcare and life sciences companies preparing to expand.

    Health technology

    An increasing demand for healthcare services in Germany, combined with widespread digitisation and rapidly changing policy and legislation for healthcare system reforms, is paving the way for digital solutions in healthcare. With a 27% market share and sales of almost €43 billion Germany is by far the largest European market, Germany is also a world leader in medical technology and biotechnology, offering considerable opportunities for UK companies.

    Pharmaceuticals

    Germany presents significant opportunities with a sales increasing by 5.4% and industry revenue reaching €56.5 billion in 2022. The country can offer unique benefits to UK companies in the pharmaceuticals sector, including direct access to internationally renowned scientists, outstanding research units, and major international markets.

    Food and drink

    With around 84 million inhabitants, Germany represents a very receptive market for international food and drink products. There are significant growth opportunities in spirits, including low and non-alcoholic spirits, confectionery, sweet and savoury snacks, vegan, organic, free from and international products produced in the UK.

    Growth in the online market

    The German food and drink industry is highly competitive, but until now has also been relatively conservative in its operating models. The introduction of new technology and digitalisation has helped to change this and resulted in the number of imports from the UK increasing.

    Increasing demand for goods from other countries

    The German public is becoming more open to new tastes and flavours. Food and drink imports from the UK remain concentrated at the medium to high end of the market, but interest is growing steadily, enabling the range of products to increase.

    Opportunities for specialist sectors

    Specialist sectors such as vegan, organic and free from foods are becoming increasingly popular in Germany. This has been underlined with organic food product retail sales exceeding €15 billion in 2022 and a 42% growth in vegetarian or vegan meat and dairy alternatives. As in most European countries, the demand for private label products is increasing. This is visible throughout the supermarket chains and discounters. As the UK is one of the leading private label products manufacturers, there is considerable potential in this sector.

    Consumer goods

    Germany is the largest consumer market in Europe, having 82 million possible consumers, with a low unemployment rate and an affluent population. With an excellent logistics infrastructure both domestically and extending into neighbouring countries, Germany is well-located for distribution to Western, Central and Eastern Europe.

    Growth due to innovative sales methods

    E-commerce is growing fast in Germany, especially among consumers aged 50 plus, a major group with strong purchasing power. Germany is responsible for around one quarter of all European B2C e-commerce turnover. Demand is also increasing in mobile commerce, social media shopping and innovative omnichannel sales solutions.

    World-leading trade fairs

    Germany hosts some of the world’s largest trade fairs across all consumer sectors. Just some examples include IFA, the worlds largest consumer electronics shows, living, dining, and giving at Ambiente Frankfurt and child and baby at Kind und Jugend Cologne.

    High-potential products

    Major growth areas in the 2020s are homewares and interiors, personal care and cosmetics, and DIY and gardening.

    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/sectoral-opportunities-germany

    Links

  • Taxes, duty and legal considerations when exporting to Germany

    Find out about the numerous things you need to consider before you start exporting to Germany.

    There are a lot of things to consider before you start exporting to Germany. It's essential to find out about local rules and regulations on tax and duty in your intended market.

    VAT

    The standard rate of VAT in Germany is 19%. Convenience goods and day-to-day services are charged at 7%. Some services including banking, healthcare and non-profit work are VAT exempt.

    Packaging and labelling

    Packaging has a strong influence on German consumers and informs how they choose products. It is important to check that your packaging is to German tastes. Please also see the German Packaging Act for guidance.

    EU standards apply to packaging. Check how to export goods.

    Labelling should be translated into German. Certain products, such as food and textiles, have specific labelling requirements.

    Payment terms

    Standard payment terms for business-to-business transactions are 60 days and 30 days for public authorities. You can claim late payment interest when terms are not met.

    Services regulations

    If you’re a UK business offering services in Germany, you need to follow regulations about:

    • getting an authorisation or a licence to provide a service
    • complying with local business regulations
    • EEA nationality requirements which could prevent you from providing services in some sectors

    Information on rules for selling services and business travel to Germany.

    Trade barriers

    Trade barriers, such as tariffs or taxes, can raise costs, cause delays, or even stop you from exporting. You should check for any issues that may impact your business when exporting.

    Check for any reported barriers to trading with Germany.

    Report any trade barriers that are affecting your business.

    Routes to market

    In a stable and secure market, there's a wide range of routes to market.

    Options which may work well for you are:

    • agents and distributors - using local agents or distributors is an effective way to develop a presence in Germany due to the size of the market. German is the language of business and fluency is a major advantage for your company when using local partners.
    • direct sales - due to the relative closeness of the market, direct sales are possible. However, the need for German language skills should be considered. Ensuring full coverage of the whole market could be a challenge.
    • e-commerce - selling online or through e-marketplaces may be a good option for your company. It’s relatively cheap and easy to deliver products into Germany. The Department for Business and Trade (DBT) can suggest online marketplaces to help you get started. DBT’s E-Exporting Programme can also help. The British Chamber of Commerce in Germany is a useful source of further information on routes to market in Germany. You can find more useful information on the Germany Trade and Invest and German-British Chamber of Industry & Commerce websites.

    Business culture

    German firms are often family-owned and take a longer-term view. They value personal relationships highly.

    Often businesses will not necessarily go for best price, but for long-term shared vision or relationship.

    Business people will be well prepared for meetings, and will have carefully researched your products and services.

    Intellectual property

    Intellectual property (IP) rights are territorial and rights granted in the UK do not provide protection elsewhere. You should consider getting IP protection abroad if you want to trade overseas or sell to overseas customers via the internet.

    The Intellectual Property Office provides practical information to help you protect, manage and enforce your IP abroad. Further support for businesses in Northern Ireland can be found through a network of IP attachés, based in key UK export markets.

    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/taxes-duty-and-legal-considerations-when-exporting-germany

    Links

  • Support available for exporting to Germany

    There are a range of support options available to help you export to Germany.

    Developing exports to Germany could be a part of growing your business. But breaking into the market can be challenging. The right support and advice can significantly improve your prospects.

    Invest NI offers a range of advice, plus additional support services for businesses trading with Germany.

    As well as Invest NI, there are other sources of support to assist with trading with the Netherlands.

    • The Northern Ireland Chamber of Commerce (NICC) provides members with a range of opportunities and services to learn, up-skill and connect as they grow locally and internationally.
    • Department for Business and Trade (DBT) in-market support - eligible UK businesses can access trade expertise and knowledge on exporting to specific countries from the DBT global network of international market hubs.
    • A freight forwarder can organise delivery and customs clearance, minimising the logistical problems you deal with directly.
    • Your bank can advise you on the most appropriate form of financing and how to protect yourself against foreign exchange risks and non-payment.
    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/support-available-exporting-germany

    Links

Taxes, duty and legal considerations when exporting to Germany

In this guide:

  • Advantages and challenges of exporting to Germany

    Be aware of the advantages and challenges of doing business in Germany.

    There are advantages and also potential challenges for Northern Ireland companies doing business in Germany.

    Germany is an attractive market for investors as well as new business owners. It is the largest economy in Europe and ranks as the fourth-largest global economy.

    Advantages of exporting to Germany

    Germany can offers numerous benefits to companies looking to do business in the region including:

    • dual market access allows businesses in Northern Ireland to trade goods freely with Germany as it is part of the European Union. Read more about how to take advantage of dual market access.
    • one of the world’s largest and most stable trading economies
    • is among the top ten most innovative countries worldwide
    • largest consumer market in the European Union
    • offers a variety of incentive programs and public funding options

    Challenges of exporting to Germany

    You should also be aware of some challenges you could face when exporting to Germany including:

    • it can be challenging to form a business due to complex bureaucratic requirements
    • tax laws can be complicated
    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/advantages-and-challenges-exporting-germany

    Links

  • Germany: Dual market access

    Learn what dual market access is and what the benefits are when exporting to Germany.

    The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 countries. 

    Dual market access allows businesses in Northern Ireland to trade goods freely with Germany as it is part of the European Union.

    What is dual market access?

    Dual market access allows businesses in Northern Ireland to trade goods freely with both Great Britain and the European Union.

    This means goods can move from Northern Ireland to Great Britain and the EU without customs checks or tariffs, offering businesses a competitive advantage in both markets.

    What are the benefits of dual market access when exporting to Germany?

    With dual market access, your manufacturing business based in Northern Ireland can: 

    • Expand your customer base: Sell goods seamlessly to both GB and EU markets.
    • Avoid trade barriers: no customs declarations or tariffs when trading with the EU.
    • Enhance your competitiveness: access to two major markets provides a unique edge over businesses operating in only one.
    • Reduce compliance costs: Northern Ireland maintains regulatory alignment on goods with EU regulations and there are no additional approvals required to place qualifying goods on the on the market in GB.
    • Simplify your supply chains: businesses in Northern Ireland can act as a gateway between the UK and EU, leveraging their unique position to enhance logistics and distribution networks.  

    Dual market access presents opportunities for businesses meaning that Northern Ireland-based companies can strengthen relationships with both UK and EU customers while maintaining supply chain efficiency. 

    Read more about how you can maximise the opportunities of dual market access.

    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/germany-dual-market-access

    Links

  • Sectoral opportunities in Germany

    There are a number of sectors that could potentially offer some opportunities to Northern Ireland companies.

    Opportunities exist for UK companies across a wide range of sectors, including technology, automotive, health and life sciences, food and drink and renewable energy.

    There are a number of sectors that could potentially offer some opportunities to Northern Ireland companies.

    Renewable energy

    Germany is the EU’s largest market contributing 21% to GDP. The new government will increase the target for renewables from 65% to 80% by 2030 with impressive growth trajectories for offshore wind, hydrogen, grid technologies and solar. This is fertile ground for UK exporters.

    Growth potential for offshore wind

    Offshore wind will increase from 20GW to 30GW by 2030, 50GW in 2035, and 70GW in 2045. Upcoming opportunities include marine geophysical, geotechnical and environmental survey services, design planning and engineering services, CTVs, SOVs, logistic and transport services. There will also be opportunities in remote and autonomous technological solutions enabling condition monitoring and maintenance and blade recycling.

    Hydrogen

    German H2 strategy envisages 5 Gigawatts (GW) of generating capacity by 2030, plus 5 GW by 2035 to 2040 latest. A new supply chain and innovative solutions are required to replace the fossil resource in ~217 Terrawatt power for industry alone. €9bn funding (€2billion dedicated to R&D) are allocated to build it. With 30 small scale pilot projects underway, the German Hydrogen market will be working closely with UK projects and companies.

    Photovoltaic and solar thermal

    New developments in photovoltaic and solar thermal opportunities are emerging due to targeted expansion of solar power to around 200GW by 2030, compared to 54GW installed capacity in Q4 2020. In future, solar power installation will become mandatory on commercial property, and encouraged on domestic building. Germany occupies one quarter of the EU market with around 80.7 GWp, more than double of Spain and Italy’s 30GWp.

    Future mobility

    The future mobility sector remains the strongest and most export-driven industry in Germany with a total turnover of €410.9 billion and 786,100 people employed in the industry as a whole in 2021. It’s transition towards connected and autonomous vehicles, and clean mobility creates excellent opportunities for UK companies providing solutions in vehicle connectivity, mobility management, sustainable mobility, and battery technology development.

    Investment in future mobility

    German automotive companies are investing heavily to meet the transport needs of the future and contribute to decarbonisation efforts. They transform their business from a manufacturer to a 'future mobility' service provider. With an increased focus in autonomous technologies, energy efficiency and battery technology new opportunities arise for UK companies.

    Demand for UK skills

    The biggest challenge German automotive companies are facing is the need for new software and engineering talent. The UK's reputation for high-end engineering and software skills is recognised in Germany. Automotive companies are also more open than ever to engaging in partnerships, rather than direct procurement.

    Ties with the UK

    The ties between the German and UK automotive industries run deep. Leading global players based in Germany have significant existing manufacturing ties to the UK, including VW, BMW, Ford, Daimler AG, Opel and Bosch. The UK automotive industry is close to home for German carmakers and respected for its business practice and innovation.

    Health and life sciences

    Germany is at the forefront of healthcare innovation while also being the number one in Europe’s healthcare market by market volume, number of patients and healthcare providers. In this sophisticated and demanding market, the opportunity for companies providing innovative products and services is substantial.

    Market size

    Germany offers one of Europe’s largest markets for healthcare and life sciences products. Healthcare expenditure reached €457 billion with an annual growth of 5.4% in 2021. High market demand and Germany’s strategic location make it a preferred choice for many international healthcare and life sciences companies preparing to expand.

    Health technology

    An increasing demand for healthcare services in Germany, combined with widespread digitisation and rapidly changing policy and legislation for healthcare system reforms, is paving the way for digital solutions in healthcare. With a 27% market share and sales of almost €43 billion Germany is by far the largest European market, Germany is also a world leader in medical technology and biotechnology, offering considerable opportunities for UK companies.

    Pharmaceuticals

    Germany presents significant opportunities with a sales increasing by 5.4% and industry revenue reaching €56.5 billion in 2022. The country can offer unique benefits to UK companies in the pharmaceuticals sector, including direct access to internationally renowned scientists, outstanding research units, and major international markets.

    Food and drink

    With around 84 million inhabitants, Germany represents a very receptive market for international food and drink products. There are significant growth opportunities in spirits, including low and non-alcoholic spirits, confectionery, sweet and savoury snacks, vegan, organic, free from and international products produced in the UK.

    Growth in the online market

    The German food and drink industry is highly competitive, but until now has also been relatively conservative in its operating models. The introduction of new technology and digitalisation has helped to change this and resulted in the number of imports from the UK increasing.

    Increasing demand for goods from other countries

    The German public is becoming more open to new tastes and flavours. Food and drink imports from the UK remain concentrated at the medium to high end of the market, but interest is growing steadily, enabling the range of products to increase.

    Opportunities for specialist sectors

    Specialist sectors such as vegan, organic and free from foods are becoming increasingly popular in Germany. This has been underlined with organic food product retail sales exceeding €15 billion in 2022 and a 42% growth in vegetarian or vegan meat and dairy alternatives. As in most European countries, the demand for private label products is increasing. This is visible throughout the supermarket chains and discounters. As the UK is one of the leading private label products manufacturers, there is considerable potential in this sector.

    Consumer goods

    Germany is the largest consumer market in Europe, having 82 million possible consumers, with a low unemployment rate and an affluent population. With an excellent logistics infrastructure both domestically and extending into neighbouring countries, Germany is well-located for distribution to Western, Central and Eastern Europe.

    Growth due to innovative sales methods

    E-commerce is growing fast in Germany, especially among consumers aged 50 plus, a major group with strong purchasing power. Germany is responsible for around one quarter of all European B2C e-commerce turnover. Demand is also increasing in mobile commerce, social media shopping and innovative omnichannel sales solutions.

    World-leading trade fairs

    Germany hosts some of the world’s largest trade fairs across all consumer sectors. Just some examples include IFA, the worlds largest consumer electronics shows, living, dining, and giving at Ambiente Frankfurt and child and baby at Kind und Jugend Cologne.

    High-potential products

    Major growth areas in the 2020s are homewares and interiors, personal care and cosmetics, and DIY and gardening.

    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/sectoral-opportunities-germany

    Links

  • Taxes, duty and legal considerations when exporting to Germany

    Find out about the numerous things you need to consider before you start exporting to Germany.

    There are a lot of things to consider before you start exporting to Germany. It's essential to find out about local rules and regulations on tax and duty in your intended market.

    VAT

    The standard rate of VAT in Germany is 19%. Convenience goods and day-to-day services are charged at 7%. Some services including banking, healthcare and non-profit work are VAT exempt.

    Packaging and labelling

    Packaging has a strong influence on German consumers and informs how they choose products. It is important to check that your packaging is to German tastes. Please also see the German Packaging Act for guidance.

    EU standards apply to packaging. Check how to export goods.

    Labelling should be translated into German. Certain products, such as food and textiles, have specific labelling requirements.

    Payment terms

    Standard payment terms for business-to-business transactions are 60 days and 30 days for public authorities. You can claim late payment interest when terms are not met.

    Services regulations

    If you’re a UK business offering services in Germany, you need to follow regulations about:

    • getting an authorisation or a licence to provide a service
    • complying with local business regulations
    • EEA nationality requirements which could prevent you from providing services in some sectors

    Information on rules for selling services and business travel to Germany.

    Trade barriers

    Trade barriers, such as tariffs or taxes, can raise costs, cause delays, or even stop you from exporting. You should check for any issues that may impact your business when exporting.

    Check for any reported barriers to trading with Germany.

    Report any trade barriers that are affecting your business.

    Routes to market

    In a stable and secure market, there's a wide range of routes to market.

    Options which may work well for you are:

    • agents and distributors - using local agents or distributors is an effective way to develop a presence in Germany due to the size of the market. German is the language of business and fluency is a major advantage for your company when using local partners.
    • direct sales - due to the relative closeness of the market, direct sales are possible. However, the need for German language skills should be considered. Ensuring full coverage of the whole market could be a challenge.
    • e-commerce - selling online or through e-marketplaces may be a good option for your company. It’s relatively cheap and easy to deliver products into Germany. The Department for Business and Trade (DBT) can suggest online marketplaces to help you get started. DBT’s E-Exporting Programme can also help. The British Chamber of Commerce in Germany is a useful source of further information on routes to market in Germany. You can find more useful information on the Germany Trade and Invest and German-British Chamber of Industry & Commerce websites.

    Business culture

    German firms are often family-owned and take a longer-term view. They value personal relationships highly.

    Often businesses will not necessarily go for best price, but for long-term shared vision or relationship.

    Business people will be well prepared for meetings, and will have carefully researched your products and services.

    Intellectual property

    Intellectual property (IP) rights are territorial and rights granted in the UK do not provide protection elsewhere. You should consider getting IP protection abroad if you want to trade overseas or sell to overseas customers via the internet.

    The Intellectual Property Office provides practical information to help you protect, manage and enforce your IP abroad. Further support for businesses in Northern Ireland can be found through a network of IP attachés, based in key UK export markets.

    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/taxes-duty-and-legal-considerations-when-exporting-germany

    Links

  • Support available for exporting to Germany

    There are a range of support options available to help you export to Germany.

    Developing exports to Germany could be a part of growing your business. But breaking into the market can be challenging. The right support and advice can significantly improve your prospects.

    Invest NI offers a range of advice, plus additional support services for businesses trading with Germany.

    As well as Invest NI, there are other sources of support to assist with trading with the Netherlands.

    • The Northern Ireland Chamber of Commerce (NICC) provides members with a range of opportunities and services to learn, up-skill and connect as they grow locally and internationally.
    • Department for Business and Trade (DBT) in-market support - eligible UK businesses can access trade expertise and knowledge on exporting to specific countries from the DBT global network of international market hubs.
    • A freight forwarder can organise delivery and customs clearance, minimising the logistical problems you deal with directly.
    • Your bank can advise you on the most appropriate form of financing and how to protect yourself against foreign exchange risks and non-payment.
    Also on this site
    Help and support for exporting
    Primary parent
    Accessing new markets
    Content category
    Exporting and importing

    Source URL

    /content/support-available-exporting-germany

    Links

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