Insurance for international road transport

In this guide:

  • Different road haulage vehicles

    An overview of the key characteristics of the main vehicles used for road haulage in international trade.

    In the UK, with some exceptions, the maximum vehicle weight is 44 tonnes gross (truck, fuel and load) and has up to six sets of axles. Most foreign vehicles coming to the UK have two axles on the tractor and three on the trailer, which limits them to a weight of 40 tonnes both here and in their home state. The maximum individual truck length is 12 metres, articulated truck and trailer length is 16.5 metres and road trains are allowed up to 18.75 metres. The maximum width for all is 2.55 metres. If a vehicle has an overall height of 3 metres or above, a notice is required must be displayed in the cab showing its full height.

    The main vehicles used to transport goods by road are Articulated Lorries (Artics). These consist of a tractor unit with a turn-table device which can be linked to a trailer. With or without a trailer, the Gross Combination Mass - the combined prime mover and trailer - must exceed 3.5 tonnes. Artics have different types of trailers, including:

    • Flatbed trailer - used for almost any kind of cargo, but goods need to be protected from the elements and theft.
    • Tilt trailer - like a flatbed trailer, but with a removable PVC canopy.
    • Curtain-sider - the mainstay of road haulage, this has a rigid roof and rear doors. The sides are PVC curtains that can be drawn back for easy loading.
    • Box trailer - an entirely rigid unit, with loading through back doors. A secure option for valuable goods.
    • Road train - a rigid vehicle at the front, which pulls a trailer behind it.
    • Swap-body system - built to accommodate standard cargo containers. Allows containers to be swiftly transferred during intermodal transport.
    • Low-loaders - often used for transporting heavy machinery and other outsize goods. Set low to the ground for easy loading.

    Vans are frequently used to transport smaller cargoes shorter distances.

    While goods are being transported, drivers are responsible for the security of goods and compliance with weight and similar restrictions. Traders are responsible for providing adequate dunnage (protective wrapping) to protect and stabilise the goods and for any damage caused to the vehicle while being loaded if they are the party actually loading the vehicle.

    Help
    Logistics UK
    Road Haulage Association
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    HSENI carriage of dangerous goods guidance
    Road Haulage Association
    Logistics UK
    Also on this site
    How to move goods by air
    How to move goods by sea
    How to move goods by rail
    Transport insurance
    Zero emission vehicles and alternative fuels
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  • The CMR note: the key road transport document

    What a CMR note is used for and the information you need to provide on a CMR note when trading internationally.

    The CMR note is the standard contract of carriage for goods being transported internationally by road. CMR stands for "Convention relative au contrat de transport international de marchandises par route".

    What is a CMR note?

    The CMR is a consignment note with a standard set of transport and liability conditions, which replaces individual businesses' terms and conditions. The CMR note confirms that the carrier (ie the road haulage company) has received the goods and that a contract of carriage exists between the trader and the carrier. Unlike a bill of lading, a CMR note is not a document of title nor a declaration, although some states regard it as such. A CMR note does not necessarily give its holder and/or the carrier rights of ownership or possession of the goods, although some insurance is included.

    How to complete a CMR note

    You can fill in a CMR note yourself, or you can have a freight forwarder or the carrier do it for you. However, you remain responsible for the accuracy of the CMR note contents.

    A CMR note must include:

    • the date and place at which the CMR note has been completed
    • the name and address of sender, carrier(s) and consignee (the person to whom the goods are going)
    • a description of the goods and their method of packing - this should be acceptable to both consignor and consignee (however, for security reasons, you do not always want the carrier to be able to identify valuable goods)
    • the weight of the goods
    • any charges related to the goods, such as customs duties or carriage charges
    • instructions for customs and any other formalities such as dangerous goods information

    This list is not comprehensive.

    While the carrier is liable for any loss, damage or delay to a consignment until it is delivered, the trader is responsible for any loss or damage the carrier suffers resulting from incorrect details having been provided in the CMR note.

    How many copies of a CMR note are needed?

    Generally there will be four copies of a CMR note:

    1. one kept by the trader
    2. one kept by the carrier
    3. one travelling with the goods all the way to their final destination
    4. an administration copy
    Help
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    The CMR Convention (PDF, 60K)
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  • Other documentation issues for transport by road

    How forwarders' documents and the TIR system can speed up the process of transporting your goods by road.

    If you transport goods by road, you need to be aware of the CMR note, the Forwarders' Certificate of Receipt, the TIR system and forthcoming legislation changes.

    CMR note

    This is the main document you'll need to deal with when transporting by road - see the CMR note: the key road transport document.

    Forwarders' certificate of receipt (FCR)

    Increasingly, international trade journeys are intermodal, with freight forwarders playing a crucial coordinating role. Much road freight is organised in this way.

    'Forwarders' documents' have been designed for these kinds of transactions. The FCR provides proof that a forwarder has accepted your goods with irrevocable instructions to deliver them to the consignee indicated on the FCR.

    Using an FCR can speed up payment. For example, if you're selling overseas and your contract with the buyer states that the goods are collected from the factory and the buyer is responsible for arranging the freight, an FCR can be issued when your buyer's forwarder collects goods.

    You can then present the FCR for payment, rather than having to wait until a non-negotiable or negotiable transport document (the proof of the goods having been loaded onto the transport conveyance for the main international carriage, if any) is issued, which may be some time later.

    While an FCR is non-negotiable, another similar document, the Forwarders' Certificate of Transport, is negotiable. This means that the forwarder accepts responsibility to deliver to a destination you specify - not to an unchangeable destination as with the FCR.

    The TIR system

    This allows vehicles to cross numerous borders without repeated customs checks. Goods are checked and sealed at the outset, and the vehicle is then waved through by customs authorities until it reaches its final destination. Traders must set up a security bond with the Road Haulage Association or Logistics UK.

    Find out more about transporting goods between Great Britain and the EU by RoRo freight.

    Help
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    International Federation of Freight Forwarders Association
    International Road Transport Union
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    Import and export procedures
    Using the New Computerised Transit System (NCTS) to move goods
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  • Transporting dangerous goods by road

    How to ensure your dangerous goods are properly classified and packaged before being transported by road.

    This page explains the procedures you must comply with for carrying dangerous goods by road.

    You may see two different terms used to refer to these rules - ADR and the Carriage Regulations - but both refer to the same provisions. ADR is a Europe-wide code on dangerous goods, while the Carriage Regulations translate that code into UK legislation. The Carriage Regulations also apply to the transport of goods by rail.

    The regulations apply to carriers and traders. Traders are often asked to produce the dangerous goods declaration and supporting documents (such as vehicle documentation, safety and accident reporting) and to ensure the goods are suitably packaged and labelled. Traders must also comply with two key sets of duties - classification and packaging.

    Classification

    Any dangerous goods you're transporting must be marked with their name, description and United Nations (UN) number.

    UN classification groups for dangerous goods

    UN Class Dangerous goods Classification
    1 Explosives Explosive
    2 Gases Flammable gas
    Non-flammable, non-toxic gas
    Toxic gas
    3 Flammable liquid Flammable liquid
    4 Flammable solids Flammable solid
    Spontaneously combustible substance
    Substance which emits flammable gas in contact with water
    5 Oxidising substances Oxidising substance
    Organic peroxide
    6 Toxic substances Toxic substance
    Infectious substance
    7 Radioactive material Radioactive material
    8 Corrosive substances Corrosive substance
    9 Miscellaneous dangerous goods Miscellaneous dangerous goods

    Certain goods are prohibited from transport by road, eg, UN Class 3 goods likely to produce peroxides.

    Packaging

    You must ensure that a qualified Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser has checked that your goods are handled and packaged correctly. Drivers of dangerous loads will need to hold an ADR training certificate, unless they are transporting small loads.

    The goods must be well packed to withstand the disruption and movement you'd expect during transit. You must also check that your export packaging is clearly marked with the UN classification number from the table above and with the safety labels appropriate to that class of goods. You're responsible for checking that your carrier's vehicles clearly show they'll be carrying dangerous goods.

    A shipper is legally obliged to make a declaration of the danger or hazard of the goods being transported. For the movement of dangerous goods by sea, inland waterways, road and rail, the shipper can fulfil this requirement by completing a Dangerous Goods Note (DGN) - for air, the correct documentation is the International Air Transport Association Shipper's Declaration of Dangerous Goods. However, the shipper can design, prepare and present a bespoke or 'in-house' document for the surface modes (roads or rail) provided it contains the mandatory information. Some chemical and automotive companies have done this to accommodate specific business processes, such as the need for landscape (instead of a portrait) documentation. Details should also be included on the CMR note.

    Security

    Security regulations require any business involved in the transport of dangerous goods to:

    • only offer the goods to appropriate carriers
    • make sites that temporarily store dangerous goods secure
    • have a security awareness training programme in place
    • have a security plan in place, if involved with high-consequence dangerous goods

    You also have to send a DGN with your consignment - see a sample DGN note.

    While it is unlikely, you should be aware that customs rules rules allow controlled goods to pass through the UK without needing a specific UK licence, but also enable customs authorities to intervene or stop a shipment if they are concerned.

    The consignor of the goods is also responsible for checking that the vehicle driver must also hold an international Transport Emergency Card, known as a 'Tremcard' - see driving dangerous goods and special loads abroad.

    Help
    Road Haulage Association
    Logistics UK
    Actions
    HSENI carriage of dangerous goods guidance
    Road Haulage Association
    Also on this site
    How to move goods by air
    How to move goods by sea
    How to move goods by rail
    Zero emission vehicles and alternative fuels
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  • Insurance for international road transport

    How to insure your goods against loss, damage and delay for international trade when using road transport.

    As with any commercial transactions, there are risks associated with trading internationally. This page explains the likely risks you may encounter and the factors to consider.

    For insurance cover to be valid, you have to be able to show that you have an 'insurable interest' in the insured goods. This means showing that the goods are yours and that you bear the risks associated with them.

    Risks

    The three main risks that arise in international trade are:

    • loss
    • damage
    • delay (including detention at customs)

    Factors

    How risks are shared between buyers and sellers is a contractual matter. The point at which the insurable interest passes from supplier to buyer is determined by the sale of contract used. You should be aware that Incoterms - a standardised set of trading terms - do not cover insurance unless specifically chosen to do so. For more information, see our guide to International commercial contracts - Incoterms.

    Under a CMR contract the carrier bears some limited liability (although this is determined on a case-by-case basis and sometimes the liability can be total), so traders should arrange the appropriate insurance cover. For more information, download a copy of the CMR Convention from the UNECE website (PDF, 60K).

    Traders often tend to under-insure themselves, so it's recommended that you add 10 per cent to the amount of cover you think you need. You can also arrange cover for contingencies, such as the buyer refusing to accept your goods when they arrive.

    For more information about arranging insurance for your international trade, see our guide on transport insurance.

    Help
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    Broker directory on the British Insurance Brokers' Association website
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    Insurance for exporting and importing
    Transport insurance
    International Commercial Contracts - Incoterms
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  • Licences for international road transport

    The importance of checking that any road hauliers you use are properly licensed for international trade.

    If you are using couriers or hauliers, you don't need to apply for any licences to transport your goods by road. However, you should make sure that anyone transporting goods for you is properly licensed.

    Anyone operating a goods vehicle must have an operator's licence - sometimes referred to as an 'O Licence'. These are required for any vehicle with a gross plated weight of more than 3.5 tonnes. Drivers who transport dangerous goods need to hold an ADR training certificate, unless they are transporting small loads.

    Three kinds of operator's licence are available, and you should make sure that hauliers you use have the appropriate licence for your needs. The three categories are:

    • restricted - the licence holder can carry their own goods within the UK
    • standard national - the holder can carry both their own goods and goods for others within the UK
    • standard international - the holder can carry their own goods and goods for others both in the UK and on international journeys

    For international trade, you need to ensure that your operator has a standard international licence. If you are using your own vehicles to begin a journey in the UK, special licensing arrangements allow you to drive larger vehicles without having to hold a higher large-goods vehicle driving licence entitlement. When driving larger vehicles, the maximum weight of the vehicle plus its load determines the driving licence the driver needs.

    Bear in mind that there's a wide range of other regulations and requirements that road hauliers must comply with. These include rules on the numbers of hours that drivers are permitted to work. For example, all goods vehicles must be fitted with a tachograph to monitor drivers' working hours.

    Help
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    Goods vehicle operator licensing
    HSE road haulage safety guidance (PDF, 211K)
    Also on this site
    International road haulage permits
    Driving dangerous goods and special loads abroad
    Import and export procedures
    How to move goods by air
    How to move goods by sea
    How to move goods by rail
    Insurance for exporting and importing
    Zero emission vehicles and alternative fuels
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Is rail transport right for your goods?

In this guide:

  • Is rail transport right for your goods?

    How rail freight transport is used for certain goods and routes as a useful alternative to other modes of transport.

    For international shipments, rail is often used as part of an intermodal movement where cargo is transferred between trains and other types of transport.

    Consignments shipped from Europe via the east coast of the USA often cross the American continent by rail rather than travel through the Panama Canal. Through-rail services operate via the Channel Tunnel to mainland Europe, and the railway community is developing onward services to Russia and Central Asia. To run a full train you will need a significant amount of traffic (several full wagons for each shipment), although a single container for multimodal movements can be booked on an existing service.

    Rail can be a complex transport solution, but used effectively it can give you a viable option for moving your goods. The advantages of rail transport include benefits to the environment and less expensive, quicker and more practical journeys when compared with road transport. Equally, limited and inflexible routes and timetables can increase costs and slow down the movement of goods. While loading and marshalling are expensive, you can make economies by moving many consignments at once. Rail is generally more cost-efficient than road transport if the journey exceeds 400 kilometres.

    Deciding how best to route your goods around the world and which modes of transport to use at each stage of the journey can be a daunting task. Freight forwarders and transport operators are experts in finding the route and modes that meet your specific criteria, eg cost or duration - see using brokers and forwarders.

    Some traders choose to deal direct with rail companies for procedures such as booking freight, arranging rolling stock and organising railyard operations. 

    Rail freight on the island of Ireland

    There are currently no freight train operations or freight terminals on the Northern Ireland Railways network. If you require such facilities you can contact Translink's NIR Access Enquiries on Tel. 028 9035 1201.

    You can read about rail freight services on the irish rail network on the Iarnród Éireann website.

    Rail freight in Great Britain

    Network Rail offers advice on all aspects of moving freight by rail in Great Britain - find out more about how to move your goods by rail on the Network Rail website.

    Actions
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    Iarnród Éireann Rail Freight
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  • Rail transport of dangerous goods

    If you have chosen to transport goods by rail, make sure any dangerous goods are properly classified.

    Europe-wide rules govern the transportation of dangerous goods by rail. These are known by the letters 'RID'. You'll also see references to the Carriage Regulations - these translate the RID rules into UK legislation.

    Note that the Carriage Regulations also cover the transport of goods by road - see moving goods by road. You must comply with three sets of duties:

    Rail freight classification

    Any dangerous goods you transport must be marked with their name, description and UN number (the UN number states which of the following nine categories your dangerous goods come under).

    UN Class Dangerous Goods Classification
    1 Explosives
    • Explosive substances and articles
    2 Gases
    • Flammable gas
    • Non-flammable non-toxic gas
    • Toxic gas
    3 Flammable liquids
    • Flammable liquids
    4 Flammable solids
    • Class 4.1 Flammable solids, self reactive substances and solid desensitised explosives
    • Class 4.2 Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
    • Class 4.3 Substance which emits flammable gas in contact with water
    5 Oxidising substances
    • Class 5.1 Oxidising substance
    • Class 5.2 Organic peroxide
    6 Toxic substances and infectious substances
    • Class 6.1 Toxic substances
    • Class 6.2 Infectious substances
    7 Radioactive material
    • Radioactive material
    8 Corrosive substances
    • Corrosive substances
    9 Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles
    • Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles

    Rail freight packaging

    All those involved in the handling and the filling of packages of dangerous goods should ensure that the correct procedures are followed. You should also make sure that security requirements have been met.

    Make sure dangerous goods are packaged in accordance with the regulations. Also ensure that goods are clearly marked with their UN number and hazard diamond labels appropriate to that class of goods have been attached. Note that classes 1 and 2 also require the proper shipping name. You should also check that rail wagons are clearly marked (placarded) to indicate which dangerous goods are being carried.

    If you transport dangerous goods through the Channel Tunnel, these will have to comply with the stricter rules enforced by the tunnel operator.

    Rail freight security

    Freight safety regulations require any business involved in the transport of dangerous goods to:

    • only offer the goods to appropriate carriers
    • make sites that temporarily store dangerous goods secure
    • have a security awareness training programme in place
    • have a security plan in place, if involved with high consequence dangerous goods
    Actions
    Invest NI support for exporting
    Regulations for transporting dangerous goods by rail
    Iarnród Éireann Rail Freight
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    How to transport dangerous goods
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  • Transporting rail freight through the Channel Tunnel

    Key rules your business needs to know when transporting dangerous goods on freight trains and road vehicles.

    The Channel Tunnel is the only link for moving goods by rail between the UK and continental Europe. Shippers transport goods through the tunnel on through-freight trains. These travel from UK terminals through the tunnel and into mainland Europe.

    Customs clearance for goods that travel to or from non-European Union countries via the Channel Tunnel can be processed at the Folkestone terminal. You can read about transporting freight through the tunnel on the Eurotunnel website.

    Transporting dangerous goods through the Channel Tunnel

    The Channel Tunnel policy on transporting dangerous goods is based on the Europe-wide ADR set of rules, but it is somewhat stricter. Certain goods cannot be transported, including certain explosives - those with the UN number UN0330 - and the substance p-Nitrosodimethylaniline (UN1369).

    You can read about transporting dangerous goods through the Channel Tunnel.

    For more general information about transporting dangerous goods by rail, see transporting dangerous goods by rail.

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  • Key rail transport documents

    What CIM notes and forwarders' certificates are and what they mean for your business when moving goods by rail.

    If you transport goods by rail, you need to be aware of the CIM note, forwarders' certificates and forthcoming changes in legislation that may affect your paperwork.

    CIM consignment note

    A CIM note confirms that the rail carrier has received the goods and that a contract of carriage exists between trader and carrier.

    Unlike a bill of lading, a CIM note isn't a document of title. It doesn't give its holder rights of ownership or possession of the goods.

    Key details to be provided in the CIM note include:

    • a description of the goods
    • the number of packages and their weight
    • the names and addresses of the sender and recipient

    The sender is responsible for the accuracy of CIM notes, and is liable for any loss or damage suffered by the carrier due to inaccurate information. Notes are used to calculate compensation if goods are lost or damaged.

    You can view an example CIM consignment note (PDF, 278K) .

    Forwarders' certificates

    Increasingly, international trade journeys are intermodal, with freight forwarders playing a crucial co-ordinating role.

    'Forwarders' documents' have been designed for these kinds of transactions. The Forwarders' Certificate of Receipt (FCR) provides proof that a forwarder has accepted your goods with irrevocable instructions to deliver them to the consignee indicated on the FCR.

    Using an FCR can speed up payment. For example, if you're selling overseas and your contract with the buyer states that the goods are collected from the factory, an FCR can be issued when your buyer's forwarder collects goods.

    You can then present the FCR for payment, rather than having to wait until a non-negotiable or negotiable transport document (the proof of the goods having been loaded onto the transport conveyance for the main international carriage, if any) is issued, which may be some time later.

    While an FCR is non-negotiable, another similar document, the Forwarders' Certificate of Transport (FCT), is negotiable. This means that the forwarder accepts responsibility to deliver to a destination you specify - not to an unchangeable destination as with the FCR.

    For information about more customs and documentation issues, see our section on import and export procedures.

    Actions
    Example CIM consignment note (PDF, 278K)
    International Federation of Freight Forwarders Association
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    Transport insurance
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  • Insurance for international rail transport

    How to assess the risks and get the right insurance cover you need before transporting your goods by rail.

    As with any commercial transaction, there are risks associated with trading internationally. You should make sure you arrange the insurance cover you need before moving your goods by rail or any other mode of transport.

    In order for insurance cover to be valid, you must show that you have an insurable interest in the insured goods. This means showing that the goods are yours and that you bear the risks associated with them.

    Three main risks arise in international trade. These are loss, damage and delay, including detention at customs. The contracts you draw up should use Incoterms to specify exactly how these risks are shared between buyer and seller.

    Incoterms are an internationally recognised set of trading terms that spell out exactly when responsibility for the costs and risks of a transaction shift from seller to buyer. This will affect your insurance needs because the greater the costs you're responsible for, the greater the insurance cover you'll need to arrange. Incoterms 2020 cover freight security obligations and new types of container transport. For more information, see our guide to international commercial contracts - Incoterms.

    Traders frequently under-insure themselves, so it is recommended that you add ten per cent to the amount of cover you think you need. You can also arrange cover for contingencies such as the buyer refusing to accept your goods when they arrive. For more information about arranging insurance for your international trade, see transport insurance.

    Actions
    British Insurance Brokers' Association
    Invest NI support for exporting
    Iarnród Éireann Rail Freight
    Move my freight by rail (GB)
    Also on this site
    International Commercial Contracts - Incoterms
    Transport insurance
    Insurance for exporting and importing
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    Transport

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Liability insurance for freight forwarders

In this guide:

  • Types of goods insurance

    Get the right type of protection against risk and set an appropriate level of insurance when transporting your goods.

    Most modes of transport offer limited liability, which means that some basic - although extremely low - cover is provided. Some traders may find this adequate. If, as is usually the case, greater cover than that offered by limited liability is required, you should take out your own insurance.

    The insurance cover type you choose for your goods will depend on how comprehensive you want the cover to be and how much you want to pay.

    If you are considering insuring your goods through your freight forwarder, you should check that they are registered with and regulated by the Financial Services Authority.

    General cargo insurance

    This is available in three varieties - A, B or C. Clause A provides the most comprehensive cover and clause C the least.

    Goods-in-transit insurance

    Goods-in-transit insurance is very important. Which insurance you have will depend on the agreements with your customers or suppliers. For example, road haulage falls under the Convention des Marchandises Routiers (CMR). This gives basic insurance cover, but it's advisable that you also take out extra insurance yourself or via your freight forwarder.

    Basic shipping insurance cover

    Under the transport modal conventions, you automatically have basic insurance cover (limited liability) as laid out in the Hague-Visby and Hamburg rules, which cover transportation by sea. It's advisable, though, to have additional insurance with a third-party broker or via your freight forwarder.

    Marine cargo insurance

    There are four types of marine cargo insurance.

    • Open cover - the most flexible if you move goods regularly. You pay an annual premium plus a final adjustment based on the actual amount of goods shipped throughout the year.
    • Annual policies - less flexible than open cover. You declare the details of each consignment before it's shipped.
    • A single-voyage policy - cost-effective if you ship irregularly. You pay a one-off premium.
    • A forwarder's open policy - similar to open cover, but is linked to a specific freight forwarder.

    It's also advisable to take out contingency (seller's interest) insurance. This will protect you from your customer refusing to accept the goods if they're damaged in transit, which may not have been adequately insured by the buyer.

    Rail insurance

    The Convention Internationale des Marchandises par Chemin de Fer (CIM) consignment note sets the conditions for international movement by rail. These rules mean that your carrier only takes responsibility for insuring your consignments against loss or damage from the time they take possession up until delivery. Talk to your insurance broker, legal adviser or freight forwarder about additional insurance cover.

    Airfreight insurance

    The Warsaw and Montreal Conventions govern the international carriage of goods by air. For more information about airfreight insurance, see moving goods by air.

    Help
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  • Benefits of insuring goods in transit

    Understand why it's important to insure your goods in transit and what can happen if you don't have insurance.

    If you're moving goods to or from the UK, it's advisable to ensure there is adequate insurance cover. This safeguards against the risk that goods may be lost, damaged or delayed because you can claim compensation if there's any resulting financial loss to your business.

    Cargo insurance

    A typical cargo insurance policy covers goods in transit via road, rail, sea or air. In its simplest form it provides cover against accidental damage and other risks. The other extreme is a comprehensive all-risk policy, covering a range of specified accidents - including damage during loading, theft and negligence.

    The cost of your insurance and in which circumstances you'll receive compensation will depend on:

    • the value of the goods in transit
    • the expiry date of the insurance policy
    • whether the journey is domestic or international

    Limited liability

    Without insurance you have only the minimum protection for your goods because freight forwarders and carriers typically have limited liability in the event of loss, or damage or delay. This comes from internationally ratified conventions - see your bill of lading or sea waybill for details - and the standard trading conditions of transport associations.

    The consequences of not insuring your goods

    Many events can occur during transit that could lose you money if you're uninsured. For example, your haulier may be involved in an accident whereby your goods are destroyed, or your goods might be stolen. The result can be loss of profits, productivity and buyer goodwill. You can minimise the impact of such incidents on your business by being properly insured.

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    Also on this site
    International Commercial Contracts - Incoterms
    How to move goods by sea
    How to move goods by road
    How to move goods by rail
    How to move goods by air
    How to transport dangerous goods
    How to use freight forwarding
    Zero emission vehicles and alternative fuels
    Content category
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  • Goods transport insurance terms and duties

    An overview of the basic principles which underpin the conduct of business between insurers and customers.

    If you use an insurance underwriter or broker, it's important to keep in mind some of the basic insurance principles.

    Contract of indemnity

    This is the amount of compensation agreed by you and your insurer in case your goods are lost or damaged.

    Duty of utmost good faith

    This means you must supply all relevant information about your cargo and its journey at the outset. The underwriter needs this information to calculate an appropriate premium - ie the price of your policy.

    This duty also applies to underwriters and brokers. They must inform you of any exclusion clauses in your policy - the circumstances whereby you won't receive compensation - so always read the small print of the policy document.

    Duty to act as though uninsured

    Arranging insurance for your cargo doesn't mean you can neglect your normal duty of care regarding its transportation. You should act to minimise the chance of a payout by:

    • ensuring goods are packed safely and securely - you'll only be insured against risk, not certain disaster, which poor packaging makes more likely
    • maintaining the upkeep of vehicles used for transportation
    • having a robust selection policy for drivers of these vehicles and for contractors involved in loading and storage
    • making sure the buyer of the goods provides information on any loss or damage to goods within a short period of time

    Insurable interest

    You must be able to demonstrate an insurable interest in your goods in order to trigger any policy you take out on them. This means you'll either benefit financially from their safe arrival or you'll lose out in the event of loss, delay or damage. The point at which the insurable interest passes from supplier to buyer is determined by the sale of contract used.

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  • Managing risk in goods transport

    The role of the terms of sale in determining when the risk burden for cargo passes from supplier to buyer.

    The terms of sale agreed in a commercial transaction outline who is responsible for the cost of goods being transported. In other words, they clarify to what extent the buyer or seller pays for:

    • the procurement of documents
    • licences and permits
    • the use of a freight forwarder

    The terms also cover how the risk of loss or damage to the goods will be managed. They specify cargo delivery points and at what point the risk is transferred from one party to another.

    The most commonly used terms for delivery in an international sales contract are those found in Incoterms.

    There are two Incoterms that require the seller to take out insurance for the benefit of the buyer:

    • Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) - under these terms the seller takes out insurance on an 'open cover' basis. They pay for the cost of the goods, cargo insurance and all transportation charges up to a named sea port (destination). Unless otherwise agreed, they also provide war risk insurance, passing on the cost to the buyer.
    • Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) - as above except this applies to all forms of transportation to a named inland destination (CIF terms apply to vessel shipments only).

    Both the above terms continue to apply under Incoterms 2020.

    According to Institute Marine Cargo Clauses (ICC) 'A' and 'B', under these Incoterms the seller must take out insurance for 110 per cent of the value of the consignment.

    Other Incoterms place no obligation on either buyer or seller to provide insurance only guarantee minimum cargo coverage if the seller is required to arrange for insurance coverage under ICC clause 'C'. However, depending upon the actual term used for each shipment, the seller or buyer bears responsibility for loss or damage to the goods at some point during transit. You are therefore strongly advised to insure against this exposure to financial loss.

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  • What is marine insurance?

    How institute clauses and other contractual provisions affect the level of insurance cover for your shipments.

    You can cover the risk of loss or damage to your goods with marine insurance. This can cover the whole journey - over land as well as sea. The most common form of marine policy in the UK is that used by Lloyd's of London. In addition to a basic contract form, various clauses can be added to provide coverage that best suits your business needs and trading patterns.

    Institute 'A' clauses

    These provide the most coverage to traders at the highest premium (price). They cover practically all risks - except, for example, wars and strikes. These can, however, be reinstated by including appropriate clauses.

    Similar clauses are used for movement of goods by air.

    Institute 'B' and 'C' clauses

    These provide coverage for a number of risks on a 'reasonably attributable' basis - meaning responsibility for damage or loss can be reasonably attributed to a particular party. Less coverage is provided under the 'C' clauses, but the price is lower.

    General average

    A standard marine insurance policy covers claims under general average. This applies when some cargo is lost or damaged through efforts to salvage a ship in distress. It provides for all cargo owners to collectively compensate whoever of them loses out in such circumstances.

    Acts of God and acts of war

    Under international law, transport carriers aren't liable for acts of God, ie unforeseen acts of nature such as lightning - or acts of war or civil unrest. Piracy, which is very common in some waters, is also considered an act of war. If you send goods to a region where piracy is common (eg some of the waters off Indonesia and the Republic of the Philippines), it would be prudent to consider additional coverage. If you want cover for acts of God or for acts of war, make sure you inform your broker.

    Terrorism

    Acts of terrorism are usually excluded - cover has to be bought for an additional premium.

    Excess and franchise

    Some policies include either an excess or franchise clause. Excess represents a predetermined amount that is deducted from a claim and is used to discourage irresponsible, malicious and small claims. Franchise means a percentage of the value of a loss, below which no payment is made but above which total compensation is paid.

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  • Liability insurance for freight forwarders

    Limited liability arrangements for freight forwarding companies and the insurance services they offer.

    Many traders use freight forwarding companies. As well as transporting goods to and from specified locations, freight-forwarding includes booking the movement of goods, storage and customs clearance activity.

    Freight forwarders, by applying their Standard Trading Conditions (STC), usually have limited liability for any claim for loss or damage to goods while in their care. When other parties (such as shipping lines, airlines or truck operators) are entrusted to complete all or part of the transportation movement and where a combined transport waybill or bill of lading is used, the exporter agrees in turn to accept these operators' STC, which override those set by the freight forwarder. So it is important that you read the STC of both the freight forwarder and the transport operator. Once you have chosen a freight forwarder, you should receive or ask for a copy of the British International Freight Association (BIFA) STC as soon as possible.

    It's often difficult to prove that liability for a mishap lies with a freight forwarder (it could be the responsibility of any party across the supply chain) and, even if it does, the forwarder's liability will be limited. It is therefore advisable to arrange separate cargo insurance. Many forwarders will offer to act as a broker in obtaining this. They can be instructed to make insurance arrangements at any time, but preferably prior to booking the shipment.

    Insurance Mediation Directive (IMD)

    The Financial Services Authority (FSA) regulates the conduct of any company or individual who provides insurance brokerage services, through the IMD. An exemption from the IMD for freight forwarders or storage firms means that those conducting insurance mediation with commercial customers no longer need to be registered with the FSA.

    The exemption does not apply if freight forwarders or storage firms conduct insurance business with individual or retail clients.

    Advising the freight forwarder

    You should provide clear instructions to the forwarder, including your terms of sale and delivery. Establish if you need special risk insurance if your goods are subject to specific or unusual risks, eg temperature-controlled commodities that require special trade clauses. You can instruct your freight forwarder by completing an Export Consignment Shipping Instruction (ECSI), or an equivalent such as a generic 'exporter's instructions' document.

    Right of lien

    If you're unhappy with the service provided by a freight forwarder, you may be unwilling to pay them. Be aware, however, that they're likely to have a right of lien - that is, a right to keep your goods until they receive payment. A forwarder who takes this action should inform their liability insurer and insure your goods against their potential liability. This may not be to the full value of the goods, so ensure you are aware of any potential risks.

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  • How to obtain cargo insurance

    Where to go when you need to get a cargo insurance policy and choosing the cover that best suits your needs.

    There are a number of possible options when deciding where to go for a cargo insurance policy:

    • a marine insurance broker
    • a general insurance business
    • a freight forwarder
    • your bank
    • your local Chamber of Commerce

    Enterprises with specialist knowledge of this type of insurance are likely to have more claims experience and value-added services, although this may be reflected in any premium (price) you pay. It's a good idea to get quotations from a number of suppliers before you make a decision.

    You'll also need to decide the form your policy should take. This will generally depend on your trade patterns.

    Open cover

    This is the most common form of policy. It provides great flexibility - coverage can apply to either an unlimited number of shipments within an agreed timeframe or for an indefinite period until either party cancels the agreement. Alternatively, it can cover shipments up to an agreed value. You pay an annual premium based on an initial deposit and make a final adjustment according to the actual turnover value of goods you export.

    An open policy should contain:

    • a description of each shipment and the departure and destination points, often completed in retrospect as part of a regular (usually monthly) reconciliation
    • the maximum value payable in the event of a claim
    • information on the method of valuing the goods
    • terms and conditions

    Voyage policy

    If you don't export often, you may prefer to buy an insurance policy for a particular consignment. A voyage policy literally refers to the specific shipment for which cover is sought.

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  • How to claim on your goods transport policy

    Follow the right procedures and gather the correct documentation when making a cargo insurance claim.

    Under Incoterms or other terms of sale, the seller takes out insurance for the benefit of the buyer. For other insurance claims (excluding the seller making a claim for the buyer), you should follow the guidelines below.

    In the event of damage or loss to goods in transit, the consignee (or buyer) should follow these guidelines:

    • carry out a thorough inspection of all the goods and note damaged or missing items
    • take any steps necessary to minimise or prevent further damage
    • make a note of any expenses incurred in carrying out the above for the insurer to reimburse
    • keep as evidence the shipping container, packing materials, damaged merchandise and shipping documents
    • contact the insurer (or broker if appropriate) so that a survey of damage can be arranged

    The consignee should then file a letter of claim against the freight forwarder or carrier - this should include:

    • its company name and (if applicable) voyage or flight number
    • sea waybill or bill of lading or air waybill number (if applicable)
    • date of arrival at destination
    • description of cargo
    • container numbers
    • the amount being claimed

    At the same time, the consignee should send full details of the claim to the insurer (through the seller, if you're using the Incoterms Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) or Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP)) - this should include:

    • a commercial invoice
    • insurance policy details and certificate number
    • bill of lading or air waybill number (as applicable)
    • standard terms and conditions of the carrier/forwarder
    • any correspondence with the carrier/forwarder concerning loss or damage
    • survey report

    A similar procedure should be followed by the seller if, under the terms of sale, they carried the risk at the time of loss or damage.

    Pursuing litigation

    If your insurers refuse to pay a claim when a covered cargo loss occurs, you can pursue claims against both them and/or the carrier/forwarder. If you pursue litigation on two fronts, costs incurred in the action against the carrier/forwarder are recoverable if the other action is successful. This is because the costs are seen as a direct result of the insurance company's breach of contract.

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How are goods carried on ships?

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  • Different types of ocean shipping

    Key characteristics of the main ocean vessels which your business can use when engaging in international trade.

    Many different types of ship are used to transport goods around the world. The differences between them reflect the varied needs of international traders. In particular, different types of ship are used to carry different types of cargo, or to carry cargo in varied ways.

    The different types of ship are summarised below:

    • Container ships (or 'box ships') carry their cargo packed into standard 20' or 40' containers that are stacked both on and below deck. Smaller 'feeder' ships carry containers on coastal and inland waters.
    • Roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) vessels carry both road haulage and passenger vehicles. For more information about road haulage, see how to move goods by road.
    • General cargo ships carry loose-packaged cargo of all types.
    • Bulk carriers carry unpackaged goods - usually large volumes of single-commodity goods such as grain, coal, fertilisers and ore.
    • Tankers carry liquids (such as oil and gas) in bulk.

    Merchant ships primarily do business in two different ways:

    • Liner vessels operate on fixed routes, to fixed schedules and usually with a standard tariff. Liner trades are dominated by container ships, roll-on/roll-off carriers and general cargo ships.
    • Charter ('tramp') vessels operate entirely according to the demands of the person chartering them. Their ports of loading and discharge are set by the charter, as is their cost, which depends on immediate supply and demand conditions. Most tankers and bulk carriers operate in the charter markets.
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  • How are goods carried on ships?

    The three main ways of loading goods for transport onto a ship - as bulk, break-bulk, or in containers.

    There are three main ways in which goods are transported on ships. These affect how different ships are built. For more information, see the page in this guide on the different types of ocean shipping.

    Goods shipped in containers

    The use of containers dominates commercial international shipping. The advantages of packing goods into containers include:

    • the ease of intermodal transit, ie containers can be unloaded from the ship and transferred directly to a road or rail vehicle
    • the opportunity to offer consumers a door-to-door service
    • speed and efficiency of loading and unloading
    • security of goods during transit

    There are more than 20 internationally recognised types of container, including refrigerated units and open-topped containers, but there are two basic sizes. Their dimensions in metric terms are:

    • 20ft: 589cm (l) x 235cm (w) x 239cm (h) - volume 33.2 cubic metres
    • 40ft: 1,203cm (l) x 235cm (w) x 239cm (h) - volume 67.7 cubic metres

    The largest container ships can accommodate more than 20,000 20ft containers.

    Goods shipped as break-bulk

    Break-bulk refers to any non-bulk cargo that isn't containerised (such as goods on pallets, or in crates or drums or sacks), which is loaded directly into a ship's hold. Break-bulk tends to be used for specialised trades (such as fresh fruit), or for trade to small ports that do not have the necessary infrastructure to handle containerised traffic.

    Goods carried as break-bulk can be more susceptible to damage than containerised goods because they are stowed loose in a ship's hold. So strong packaging is essential, as is dunnage (loose packing material), which is placed around the cargo to protect it from damage during transit - see how to label and package goods being shipped out of the UK.

    Goods shipped in bulk

    Large shipments of certain commodities - such as coal, ore, wheat or oil - are typically carried in bulk, unpackaged in the ship's hold.

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  • Main international shipping routes

    An overview of some of the world's most important maritime trading arteries along which you can transport your goods.

    Shipping routes reflect world trade flows. Sailings are most numerous and most frequent on routes where trade volumes are largest and demand is therefore greatest.

    In liner trades to and from the United Kingdom, the busiest routes are to the Far East (especially China and Japan), passing through the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal and the Malacca Straits. The North Atlantic route, linking Western Europe and the USA and Canada, is also busy, and there are well-established routes to the Middle East, India, Australia and New Zealand, Central and South America, as well as to East and West Africa.

    There are direct liner services from the UK to most other countries, and certainly to all the main trading economies. However, if your cargo is destined for a smaller port in one of these countries or for a port in a country with little trade with the UK, there may not be a direct sailing available. In this case, your cargo will need to be transhipped to another local sailing at the end of the ocean voyage.

    In-bulk trade routes reflect the places of origin and consumption of the commodities carried. For example, many of the main oil routes begin in the Middle East and end in developed countries where demand for oil is greatest.

    There will usually be a range of routes by which your cargo can reach its destination. It's worth exploring all the options available to find the one that best suits your needs in terms of price, speed, safety and contractual stipulations. This can be done by directly contacting those shipping companies that advertise sailings to your destination or by engaging freight forwarders to make arrangements for you - see using brokers and forwarders.

    Find an overview of the world's shipping routes on the World Shipping Council website.

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  • Costs of ocean shipping

    The main factors behind differing costs of shipping, and how different shipping operators set their prices.

    There are two main elements to the cost of transporting goods by sea - the ocean freight charged by the carrier, and costs associated with handling and clearing the goods at the ports of loading and discharge.

    A number of factors can influence how these charges are calculated:

    • for liner traffic, freight is usually charged according to the shipping company's standard tariff, although larger or frequent shippers and freight forwarders may be able to negotiate preferential shipping rates
    • charter rates for other vessels depend on supply and demand conditions prevailing at the time when the charter is negotiated

    However, there are many other factors that can impact on the final price, including:

    • different rates for specific goods and general cargo
    • congestion charges at busy ports
    • currency adjustment factor, to take account of exchange rate changes during the journey - shipping costs are usually calculated and quoted in US dollars
    • bunker adjustment factor, to take account of fuel price fluctuation
    • surcharges (like a security surcharge) levied by ports and/or by the shipping company to cover the costs of particular regulatory regimes

    Another factor that affects the cost of shipping containerised cargo is whether or not you have a full container load to transport. Shipping companies' tariffs are based on flat per-container rates, so it is clearly most economical to ship your goods in containers that are full. If you have a less-than-container-load consignment, it may be worth consolidating your cargo with that of other traders, so you'll only pay for the weight or volume (whichever is greater) of your own goods.

    Working out the most cost-effective way to ship your goods around the world can be a complicated task. As with most services, you can research the options yourself or pay a third party (such as a freight forwarder) to handle these issues for you, finding transport modes and routes that suit your needs - see using brokers and forwarders.

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  • Key documents for transporting goods by sea

    The paperwork involved in sending your goods by sea including the Standard Shipping Note and downloadable examples.

    As with most aspects of international trade, using ocean shipping to transport your goods involves the completion of specific documents. The list below shows the key documents, but is not comprehensive.

    Export Cargo Shipping Instruction

    An Export Cargo Shipping Instruction (ECSI) is the document by which you provide the shipping company with details of your goods and set out your instructions for the shipment. It follows up on the initial booking, when space will have been confirmed on particular sailings. The process is often concluded by telephone.

    You are not required to use an ESCI, but it's good exporting practice to do so because it's a helpful checklist at the planning stage.

    In addition to an ESCI you will also need one of the following:

    Standard Shipping Note

    You'll need a Standard Shipping Note (SSN) if your goods are non-hazardous. This gives the port of loading the information it needs to handle your goods correctly. The SSN is also used by the shipping company to check the actual information about the goods once they have been loaded into the container with the predicted information supplied beforehand.

    Download an example Standard Shipping Note (ODT, 10K).

    Dangerous Goods Note

    You'll need a Dangerous Goods Note (DGN) if your goods are hazardous. This document details the nature of any dangerous goods in a consignment and the hazards presented by them.

    Download an example Dangerous Goods Note (DOC, 14K).

    In addition to an SSN or DGN, you will also need one of the following:

    Bill of Lading

    A Bill of Lading is issued by the carrier and serves three purposes. The Bill of Lading will:

    • show that the carrier has received the goods
    • provide evidence of a contract of carriage
    • serve as a document of title to the goods

    Sea Waybill

    A Sea Waybill fulfils the same practical functions as the bill of lading, but does not confer title to the goods and is therefore quicker and easier to use. It's often used where there's a well-established trading relationship between buyer and seller or in transactions where ownership doesn't change hands, for example between divisions of a single company.

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  • Cargo insurance for goods at sea

    How to make sure your business gets the right insurance cover for your international maritime goods transit.

    As with any commercial transactions, there are risks associated with trading internationally and it's important to arrange appropriate insurance cover. You're likely to see the phrase 'marine insurance'. This doesn't only apply to ocean shipping - it also covers transport by road, rail and air.

    Shipping companies' liability for the cargo they carry is set by various international conventions and does not always equate to the full value of the goods. The level of protection this offers varies from market to market, so you should check what the position is - see transport insurance.

    Contracts of sale and insurance

    The main risks that arise in international trade are loss, damage and delay (including detention at customs). How these risks are shared between buyers and sellers should be covered in the contract of sale (not the contract of carriage), using Incoterms.

    Incoterms are a standard set of trading terms that indicate precisely when responsibility for costs and risks shifts from seller to buyer. This affects your insurance, because the more costs you're responsible for, the greater the insurance cover you'll need. For example:

    • In an ex-works transaction, the seller is considered to have delivered the goods once they've been made available for collection at the factory or warehouse. From that point on, risk passes to the buyer, so the buyer should insure the journey from that point.
    • With a delivered-duty-paid (DDP) sale, the risk only passes to the buyer once the goods have arrived at their place of destination and have been cleared for import. In this case, the seller should insure the journey up to that point. There is no obligation under DDP for either buyer or seller to contract for insurance. Only two terms in Incoterms - CIF and CIP - require insurance to be contracted - in both cases it is the seller's obligation. For all other Incoterms, it is recommended that buyer and seller agree who will be responsible for taking out insurance to cover the safe delivery of the consignment.

    For more information, see our guide on international commercial contracts - Incoterms, but be aware that Incoterms are terms for contracts of sale and they do not apply to contracts of carriage. You are advised to check whether the Incoterm you currently use continues to apply.

    Traders often tend to under-insure themselves, so it's recommended that you add 10 per cent to the amount of cover you think you need. You can also arrange cover for contingencies, for example the buyer refusing to accept your goods when they arrive.

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Passports, visas, Driver CPC and licence requirements

In this guide:

  • Passports, visas, Driver CPC and licence requirements

    The types of travel documents you'll need for road journeys from the UK that cross international borders.

    You must carry certain documents with you if you drive or travel as a passenger in a commercial vehicle carrying goods between countries.

    Driving licences and international driving permits

    You will need to carry your United Kingdom driving licence with you. You must have the right category of licence for the vehicle you’re driving.

    You do not need an international driving permit (IDP) to drive in the European Union (EU), Iceland, Liechtenstein or Switzerland.

    You might need an IDP to drive in some EU countries and Norway from 1 January 2021 if you have:

    • a paper driving licence
    • a licence issued in Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey or the Isle of Man

    Check with the embassy of the country you will be driving in.

    You do not need an IDP to drive in Ireland if you have a UK driving licence.

    Driver CPC for lorry drivers

    You need a Driver Certificate of Professional Competence (CPC) qualification to drive a lorry professionally in the UK, the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

    You must carry your Driver CPC card (sometimes called a ‘driver qualification card’ or ‘DQC’) with you.

    If you work for a UK company and have a UK Driver CPC card

    You can still use your UK Driver CPC card to drive to or through EU countries for all international journeys that UK companies are allowed to make.

    If you work for an EU company and have a UK Driver CPC card

    Your UK Driver CPC card may no longer be recognised in EU countries.

    Check with the relevant organisation in the country where you live and work to find out what you need to do.

    Drivers’ hours documents and tachographs

    If you drive a goods vehicles over 3.5 tonnes on international journeys you must follow the rules on drivers’ hours and tachograph use.

    You must have:

    • tachograph charts and any legally required manual records for the current day and the previous 28 calendar days
    • the driver’s digital smart card, if you have one

    You must record annual leave or sick leave by either:

    • using a tachograph’s manual inputs
    • making a manual record of it on an analogue record sheet or on digital printout paper

    This has replaced using an ‘attestation form’ to record this information.

    Passports

    You must have a valid passport - even if you’re a passenger or crew member.

    Check the expiry date and the entry rules of the countries on your route.

    On the day you travel, you’ll need your passport to:

    • have at least six months left
    • be less than 10 years old (even if it has 6 months or more left)

    If you do not renew it, you may not be able to travel to most EU countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

    It usually takes three weeks if you need to renew your passport. There’s a premium service if you need it sooner.

    These rules do not apply to travel to Ireland. You can continue to use your passport as long as it’s valid for the length of your stay.

    Visas

    You are able to work in the EU without a visa if do not spend more than 90 days in the EU within any 180-day period.

    Check the ‘entry requirements’ section for the countries you’re planning to visit.

    Travel to Ireland is not affected - you can travel and work there in the same way as before.

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  • Insurance and medical documents for drivers

    Drivers of goods vehicles must be aware of the need to safeguard their own and their employers' best interests.

    In some countries drivers are held to be legally responsible for their loads, whether or not they know of the contents.

    It is a good idea to leave photocopies of all medical, insurance and legal documents as back-up with family or friends in case you should need copies after your company's normal business hours.

    In some European Union (EU) and other countries your vehicle must carry warning equipment, such as visibility clothing and warning triangles and spare bulbs.

    Vehicle and trailer insurance

    A ‘green card’ is proof of motor insurance cover when driving abroad.

    You need a green card to drive in:

    Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Iran, Israel, Moldova, Morocco, Russia, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine.

    You do not need a green card to drive in the EU (including Ireland), Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Serbia or Switzerland.

    You will need to carry multiple green cards if:

    • you have fleet or multi-car insurance - you’ll need a green card for each vehicle
    • your vehicle is towing a trailer - you’ll need one for the towing vehicle and one for the trailer or caravan (you need separate trailer insurance in some countries)
    • you have two policies covering the duration of your trip, for example, if your policy renews during the journey

    You must carry a physical copy of your green card when driving abroad. Electronic versions of green cards are not acceptable.

    Make sure your employer has got green cards

    Make sure your employer either:

    • contacts their vehicle insurance provider at least six weeks before you travel to get a copy
    • prints green cards their insurance providers electronically send to them (this does not need to be printed on green paper)

    When you will have to show your green cards

    You will need to show green cards if you’re involved in an accident.

    You may need to show green cards at police checks and at the border when:

    • you enter the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein or Norway
    • move between the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway

    This will depend on the border authorities of each country.

    Find out more about vehicle insurance.

    What to do if you’re involved in a road accident

    Contact your insurance provider if you’re involved in a road accident in the EU.

    Any legal proceedings against either the responsible driver or the insurance provider of the vehicle will need to be brought in the EU country, Iceland, Liechtenstein or Norway, depending on where the accident happened. You might have to make your claim in the local language.

    You will not get compensation in some countries if the accident is caused by an uninsured driver or if the driver cannot be traced.

    Get legal advice if you need more information about this.

    Healthcare

    You should always get appropriate travel insurance with healthcare cover before you go abroad.

    A European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) gives you the right to access state-provided healthcare during a temporary stay in the EU country.

    You should continue to use an EHIC. If you apply for a card now, you’ll get a new United Kingdom Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC) instead of an EHIC.

    GHICs and most UK EHICs will not cover you in Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. If you’re visiting those countries, make sure you have travel insurance with health cover.

    Leave photocopies of all medical, insurance and legal documents as back-up with family or friends in case you need copies outside of your company’s normal business hours.

    Find out about buying travel insurance with the right cover.

    Emergencies

    Diplomatic consuls in foreign countries can be a valuable first-port-of-call for help in the event of an emergency. There are many things that consuls have the ability to do to help local citizens in difficulty. Find more information on the services from:

    Actions
    Travel insurance advice
    NHS guidance on travel outside the EEA
    Also on this site
    Vehicle documents for international road haulage
    How to move goods by road
    How to transport goods out of the UK by road: step-by-step
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/insurance-and-medical-documents-drivers

    Links

Standard Shipping Note

In this guide:

  • Dangerous Goods Note

    When a Dangerous Goods Note should be used, how and why your business should use it and where to get it from.

    The Dangerous Goods Note is a transport document that gives details about the contents of a consignment to carriers, receiving authorities and forwarders.

    How is a Dangerous Goods Note used?

    A Dangerous Goods Note is used to accompany hazardous goods in transit.

    You can use a Dangerous Goods Note when you transport goods using all forms of transport except air freight, when the IATA Dangerous Goods Declaration is normally used.

    When you transport dangerous goods, your consignment must be accompanied by a document that declares what the dangers of the goods are. By using a Dangerous Goods Note, you can complete the same standard document for all consignments of dangerous goods, regardless of which port or Inland Container Depot they are going to.

    If you use the Customs Freight Simplified Procedures you can use a Dangerous Goods Note as a pre-shipment advice - see the classification of dangerous goods.

    What are the benefits a Dangerous Goods Note?

    When you use a Dangerous Goods Note it gives the receiving authority complete, accurate and timely information about your consignment. So they have clear and precise details on how your goods should be handled.

    Using a Dangerous Goods Note also means that everyone who has an interest in your consignment has adequate information at each movement stage.

    Sample Dangerous Goods Note

    You can download an example Dangerous Goods Note (DOC, 14K).

    Actions
    Example dangerous goods declaration note (DOC, 14K)
    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/dangerous-goods-note

    Links

  • Standard Shipping Note

    When and how the Standard Shipping Note is used, the benefits to your business of using it and where to get it from.

    The Standard Shipping Note is a shipping document that gives details about the contents of a consignment to carriers, receiving authorities and forwarders.

    How is the Standard Shipping Note used?

    The Standard Shipping Note is used to accompany deliveries of non-hazardous goods in transit.

    The Standard Shipping Note can be used for all consignments except dangerous goods.

    By using the Standard Shipping Note, you can complete the same standard document for all consignments, regardless of which port or depot they are going to.

    If you use the Customs Freight Simplified Procedures, you can use the Standard Shipping Note as a pre-shipment advice.

    Benefits of using a Standard Shipping Note

    When you use the Standard Shipping Note it gives the receiving authority complete, accurate and timely information about your consignment. So they have clear and precise details on how your goods should be handled.

    Using the Standard Shipping Note also means that everyone with an interest in your consignment has adequate information at each movement stage, until its final loading on board a vessel or aircraft.

    Completing the Standard Shipping Note

    When you complete the Standard Shipping Note take into account the following:

    • where possible, you should avoid completing the Standard Shipping Note by hand because handwritten documents are often difficult to read and are more likely to contain inaccuracies
    • you can only include goods for a single shipment to a port or airport - or for a single sailing or flight - on one Standard Shipping Note
    • if you need to use continuation sheets they should be numbered and attached to each copy of the Standard Shipping Note
    • if you don't fill in all the boxes on the Standard Shipping Note this will need to be resolved between all parties contractually involved in the consignment

    Sample Standard Shipping Note

    You can download an example Standard Shipping Note (PDF, 24K).

    Actions
    Example Standard Shipping Note (PDF, 24K)
    Also on this site
    How to move goods by sea
    How to move goods by air
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/standard-shipping-note

    Links

  • Export Cargo Shipping Instruction

    When and how the Export Cargo Shipping Instruction is used and the benefits to your business of using it.

    The Export Cargo Shipping Instruction is the instruction from the exporter to the forwarder or carrier.

    How is the Export Cargo Shipping Instruction used?

    The Export Cargo Shipping Instruction contains the following information about your consignment:

    • the nature of the goods
    • the route to their destination
    • any transport requirements
    • customs information
    • who should receive specified documents
    • an allocation of costs

    So it's very important that the information you provide on the Export Cargo Shipping Instruction is accurate.

    Benefits of using an Export Cargo Shipping Instruction

    When you use the Export Cargo Shipping Instruction it gives everyone involved complete, accurate and timely information about your consignment. So all parties get clear and precise details on how your goods should be handled, which can save you time and money.

    Completing the Export Cargo Shipping Instruction

    You're not required to use the Export Cargo Shipping Instruction . But it's good exporting practice to do so because it's a helpful checklist at the planning stage. And the Export Cargo Shipping Instruction also provides an authoritative record of your instructions on how your consignment should be handled. So if there's any disagreement over procedures, documentation or charges you can use a properly completed Export Cargo Shipping Instruction as the source for resolving the dispute.

    The Export Cargo Shipping Instruction is intended as a multi-purpose document that can be used for any of the following functions:

    • movement and handling of goods
    • customs formalities, including clearance and payment of any duties and taxes
    • distribution of commercial and transport documents related to the consignment
    • allocation of freight and other operational charges
    • special instructions, for example if the goods are dangerous or if additional documents are needed

    Sample Export Cargo Shipping Instruction

    You can download an example Export Cargo Shipping Instruction (PDF, 383K).

    Actions
    Example Export Cargo Shipping Instruction (PDF, 383K)
    Also on this site
    How to move goods by sea
    How to move goods by air
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/export-cargo-shipping-instruction

    Links

Carrying perishable foodstuffs in road vehicles

In this guide:

  • The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road

    Requirements for businesses under ADR on classifying, packaging, labelling and certifying dangerous goods.

    Moving dangerous goods by road is governed by international regulations and is strictly policed. Most European countries are signed up to the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). Each country which adheres to ADR implements specific safety measures through its own national legislation.

    The purpose of ADR is to ensure that dangerous goods - including clinical and other dangerous waste - being carried by road are able to cross international borders freely, as long as goods, vehicles and drivers comply with its provisions. ADR has been in force since 1968 and is administered by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). It is updated every two years to take account of technological advances.

    ADR sets out the requirements for classifying, packaging, labelling and certifying dangerous goods. These requirements are set out in Annex A to ADR. Vehicles carrying dangerous goods must comply with the provisions of Annex B to ADR, which includes vehicle and tank specifications and other operational requirements. The drivers of all vehicles (including those with a gross vehicle weight of 3.5 tonnes or less) carrying dangerous goods must have an ADR training certificate. There are exemptions for drivers carrying small loads below the threshold limits, drivers carrying dangerous goods packed in limited quantities, and drivers carrying dangerous goods packed in accepted quantities.

    You are required to register as a waste carrier in order to carry certain types of dangerous waste.

    If you transport loads of dangerous goods below certain volume or weight thresholds, many parts of ADR may not apply, or only apply in a modified form. General exemptions to ADR include the dangerous goods list, special provisions and exemptions related to dangerous goods packed in limited quantities.

    In which countries does ADR apply?

    You can find a full list of the competent authorities applying ADR on the UNECE website.

    Developed with
    Department for Transport
    Actions
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Dangerous goods regulations and information
    Competent authorities list for applying ADR
    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/european-agreement-concerning-international-carriage-dangerous-goods-road

    Links

  • Documentation required in order to carry dangerous goods

    The international Transport Emergency Card and other documentation which needs to accompany dangerous goods in transit.

    When transporting dangerous goods internationally under the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), you must ensure your consignments are always accompanied by a transport document. This sets out detailed information on the load being carried, including full classification of the substance(s) carried and how it is packaged. You must present the required information in a certain order and follow certain rules on language.

    In addition to documents required under other regulations, under ADR you must ensure that the following documents are carried on the transport unit:

    • transport document(s) containing prescribed information for each dangerous substance, material or article being carried - eg their UN number, their technical name in brackets in addition to the name under which they are being shipped
    • emergency instructions in writing
    • means of identification, including a photograph for each member of the vehicle crew

    In addition, if any part of your journey involves sea transport of the vehicle, see requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods on vehicles at sea.

    Emergency instructions in writing

    The consignor of a vehicle carrying dangerous goods must provide the driver with details of the hazards associated with their dangerous goods loads and instructions on emergency action to take if an accident occurs. These instructions are in the form of an international Transport Emergency Card, known as a 'Tremcard'.

    Other agreements and legislation which may apply to dangerous loads

    Some exceptions, or 'derogations' from the provisions of ADR are allowed under certain multilateral agreements. These allow goods to be transported - usually for a fixed period - between or through any of the countries that have signed up to the multilateral agreement. If you are carrying dangerous goods under such an agreement, you must carry a copy of that agreement.

    You should also check whether other legislation beyond the ADR applies to the dangerous goods you carry - for example, load restrictions on the carriage of petrol.

    Actions
    Get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    Driver documents required for international road haulage
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/documentation-required-order-carry-dangerous-goods

    Links

  • The dangerous goods vehicle approval certificate

    How to certify vehicles for transporting explosives or dangerous goods to or within certain ADR signatory countries.

    If you intend to carry explosives or dangerous goods in tanks by road to or through countries which apply the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), you may need to obtain a certificate. You can view requirements of ADR 2025 on construction and approval of vehicles.

    Fixed-tank vehicles, tank-battery vehicles and other vehicles carrying explosives must undergo technical inspection and a certification procedure in their country of registration to make sure that they conform with ADR requirements and to the standard safety regulations in force, eg covering brakes, lighting and steering.

    In the United Kingdom, vehicles can be inspected at certain Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency Goods Vehicle Testing Stations. These will issue a certificate of approval, valid for one year, for vehicles, which pass this inspection. Vehicle operators must pay a fee for the inspection.

    Find more information on how to get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road.

    Actions
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road
    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/dangerous-goods-vehicle-approval-certificate

    Links

  • Driver training certificates required under ADR

    An overview of the training requirements for the vocational 'ADR Certificate' for drivers transporting dangerous goods.

    Under the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), drivers of vehicles with tanks and certain tank components, and some drivers of vehicles carrying dangerous goods in packages, are required to hold a special vocational certificate of training, sometimes referred to informally as an 'ADR Certificate'.

    All drivers of vehicles carrying dangerous goods must attend an approved basic training course. These courses equip drivers with information and tools so that they:

    • are aware of the hazards arising in the carriage of dangerous goods
    • can take steps to reduce the likelihood of an incident taking place
    • can take all necessary measures for their own safety and that of the public and the environment to limit the effects of any incident that does occur
    • have individual practical experience of the actions they will need to take
    Actions
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Also on this site
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/driver-training-certificates-required-under-adr

    Links

  • The ADR test required to certify vehicles used to transport dangerous goods

    Information on how your business can get your vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road under ADR.

    Vehicles used to transport dangerous or hazardous goods must undergo annual checks in order to certify that they are roadworthy.

    Certain dangerous goods vehicles must have an extra test and certificate over and above the normal heavy goods vehicle roadworthiness test. This is known informally as an 'ADR test'. It ensures that vehicles comply with the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). Vehicle requirements vary according to the nature of the goods being carried.

    How to book your annual ADR Dangerous Goods Vehicle Test

    Dangerous goods vehicle tests can be done at all Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency test stations. An ADR vehicle test can be carried out at the same time as the annual test, and an extra fee is payable for this. 

    Find out more about how to get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road.

    Developed with
    Department for Transport
    Actions
    Get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Also on this site
    International road haulage permits
    How to transport dangerous goods
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/adr-test-required-certify-vehicles-used-transport-dangerous-goods

    Links

  • Requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods on vehicles at sea

    Merchant Shipping Notices and International Maritime Organisation guidance on how to pack your cargo.

    The carriage of dangerous goods in vehicles on ships is governed in UK law by the Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods and Marine Pollutants) Regulations 1997. These regulations enact the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code established by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). The IMDG Code covers the carriage of goods, which have been classified as dangerous if transported by sea, or are a marine pollutant.

    The 'Blue Book' referred to in previous guidance no longer exists. It has been replaced by Merchant Shipping Notices (MSNs), which are issued by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). MSNs cover mandatory information that must be complied with under United Kingdom legislation. These MSNs relate to legal requirements and contain the technical detail of such regulations.

    Also on this site
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/requirements-carriage-dangerous-goods-vehicles-sea

    Links

  • Appointing a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser

    How to assess whether you are required to appoint a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser under ADR provisions.

    To comply with the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), companies engaged in carrying, packing, filling, loading and/or unloading of dangerous goods by road, rail or inland waterways may have to appoint a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser (DGSA).

    The cases in which this requirement applies are set out in Chapter 1.8.3 of ADR, which also explains the role of the DGSA.

    In the United Kingdom, the ADR requirements for appointing a DGSA are enforced under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.

    Find details of exemptions to ADR regarding the carriage of dangerous goods by road.

    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/appointing-dangerous-goods-safety-adviser

    Links

  • Carrying perishable foodstuffs in road vehicles

    Requirements on refrigeration and thermal efficiency in road transport vehicles, and displaying the right certificate.

    If you carry perishable foodstuffs abroad in an insulated refrigerated vehicle or container, many countries require you to comply with the Agreement on the international carriage of perishable foodstuffs and special equipment to be used for such carriage (ATP). If you own or operate a vehicle to transport perishable foodstuffs across international borders between countries that are signatories to ATP, you must have an ATP certificate for that vehicle.

    In general, ATP's provisions prescribe the norms and standards for:

    • preserving the quality of perishable foodstuffs during their international transport - ie are the goods insulated, refrigerated, mechanically refrigerated or heated as appropriate?
    • the special transport equipment required
    • checking that insulation is appropriate and intact
    • distinguishing marks to be affixed to the special equipment
    • the equipment and temperature conditions for deep-frozen and frozen foodstuffs

    Your vehicle or container must carry a certificate or plate to show that it meets the standards for refrigeration and thermal efficiency laid down in the ATP. Checks on the certificate or plate may be made at borders or inside the countries concerned.

    An ATP certificate is issued following an inspection of the vehicle or container by a 'Designated Station'. In the UK, the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency has approved Cambridge Refrigeration Technology as a 'Designated Station'. They are authorised to test, examine, and certify vehicles and containers in accordance with the ATP.

    Note that non-processed - ie fresh fruit and vegetables are not included within the scope of ATP.

    Actions
    UNECE Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs
    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/carrying-perishable-foodstuffs-road-vehicles

    Links

  • Inspection of tanks used to carry dangerous goods by road

    Design, construction and equipment standards for your vehicles before carrying dangerous goods in your business.

    Before an International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) vehicle inspection is carried out, fixed tanks, demountable tanks, vehicles carrying batteries of receptacles and tank containers must be examined and tested by an inspection body approved by the UK Department for Transport (DfT). To get the appropriate certificates, your tank equipment will have to meet certain design, construction and equipment standards.


    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/inspection-tanks-used-carry-dangerous-goods-road

    Links

Appointing a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser

In this guide:

  • The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road

    Requirements for businesses under ADR on classifying, packaging, labelling and certifying dangerous goods.

    Moving dangerous goods by road is governed by international regulations and is strictly policed. Most European countries are signed up to the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). Each country which adheres to ADR implements specific safety measures through its own national legislation.

    The purpose of ADR is to ensure that dangerous goods - including clinical and other dangerous waste - being carried by road are able to cross international borders freely, as long as goods, vehicles and drivers comply with its provisions. ADR has been in force since 1968 and is administered by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). It is updated every two years to take account of technological advances.

    ADR sets out the requirements for classifying, packaging, labelling and certifying dangerous goods. These requirements are set out in Annex A to ADR. Vehicles carrying dangerous goods must comply with the provisions of Annex B to ADR, which includes vehicle and tank specifications and other operational requirements. The drivers of all vehicles (including those with a gross vehicle weight of 3.5 tonnes or less) carrying dangerous goods must have an ADR training certificate. There are exemptions for drivers carrying small loads below the threshold limits, drivers carrying dangerous goods packed in limited quantities, and drivers carrying dangerous goods packed in accepted quantities.

    You are required to register as a waste carrier in order to carry certain types of dangerous waste.

    If you transport loads of dangerous goods below certain volume or weight thresholds, many parts of ADR may not apply, or only apply in a modified form. General exemptions to ADR include the dangerous goods list, special provisions and exemptions related to dangerous goods packed in limited quantities.

    In which countries does ADR apply?

    You can find a full list of the competent authorities applying ADR on the UNECE website.

    Developed with
    Department for Transport
    Actions
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Dangerous goods regulations and information
    Competent authorities list for applying ADR
    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/european-agreement-concerning-international-carriage-dangerous-goods-road

    Links

  • Documentation required in order to carry dangerous goods

    The international Transport Emergency Card and other documentation which needs to accompany dangerous goods in transit.

    When transporting dangerous goods internationally under the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), you must ensure your consignments are always accompanied by a transport document. This sets out detailed information on the load being carried, including full classification of the substance(s) carried and how it is packaged. You must present the required information in a certain order and follow certain rules on language.

    In addition to documents required under other regulations, under ADR you must ensure that the following documents are carried on the transport unit:

    • transport document(s) containing prescribed information for each dangerous substance, material or article being carried - eg their UN number, their technical name in brackets in addition to the name under which they are being shipped
    • emergency instructions in writing
    • means of identification, including a photograph for each member of the vehicle crew

    In addition, if any part of your journey involves sea transport of the vehicle, see requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods on vehicles at sea.

    Emergency instructions in writing

    The consignor of a vehicle carrying dangerous goods must provide the driver with details of the hazards associated with their dangerous goods loads and instructions on emergency action to take if an accident occurs. These instructions are in the form of an international Transport Emergency Card, known as a 'Tremcard'.

    Other agreements and legislation which may apply to dangerous loads

    Some exceptions, or 'derogations' from the provisions of ADR are allowed under certain multilateral agreements. These allow goods to be transported - usually for a fixed period - between or through any of the countries that have signed up to the multilateral agreement. If you are carrying dangerous goods under such an agreement, you must carry a copy of that agreement.

    You should also check whether other legislation beyond the ADR applies to the dangerous goods you carry - for example, load restrictions on the carriage of petrol.

    Actions
    Get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    Driver documents required for international road haulage
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/documentation-required-order-carry-dangerous-goods

    Links

  • The dangerous goods vehicle approval certificate

    How to certify vehicles for transporting explosives or dangerous goods to or within certain ADR signatory countries.

    If you intend to carry explosives or dangerous goods in tanks by road to or through countries which apply the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), you may need to obtain a certificate. You can view requirements of ADR 2025 on construction and approval of vehicles.

    Fixed-tank vehicles, tank-battery vehicles and other vehicles carrying explosives must undergo technical inspection and a certification procedure in their country of registration to make sure that they conform with ADR requirements and to the standard safety regulations in force, eg covering brakes, lighting and steering.

    In the United Kingdom, vehicles can be inspected at certain Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency Goods Vehicle Testing Stations. These will issue a certificate of approval, valid for one year, for vehicles, which pass this inspection. Vehicle operators must pay a fee for the inspection.

    Find more information on how to get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road.

    Actions
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road
    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/dangerous-goods-vehicle-approval-certificate

    Links

  • Driver training certificates required under ADR

    An overview of the training requirements for the vocational 'ADR Certificate' for drivers transporting dangerous goods.

    Under the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), drivers of vehicles with tanks and certain tank components, and some drivers of vehicles carrying dangerous goods in packages, are required to hold a special vocational certificate of training, sometimes referred to informally as an 'ADR Certificate'.

    All drivers of vehicles carrying dangerous goods must attend an approved basic training course. These courses equip drivers with information and tools so that they:

    • are aware of the hazards arising in the carriage of dangerous goods
    • can take steps to reduce the likelihood of an incident taking place
    • can take all necessary measures for their own safety and that of the public and the environment to limit the effects of any incident that does occur
    • have individual practical experience of the actions they will need to take
    Actions
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Also on this site
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/driver-training-certificates-required-under-adr

    Links

  • The ADR test required to certify vehicles used to transport dangerous goods

    Information on how your business can get your vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road under ADR.

    Vehicles used to transport dangerous or hazardous goods must undergo annual checks in order to certify that they are roadworthy.

    Certain dangerous goods vehicles must have an extra test and certificate over and above the normal heavy goods vehicle roadworthiness test. This is known informally as an 'ADR test'. It ensures that vehicles comply with the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). Vehicle requirements vary according to the nature of the goods being carried.

    How to book your annual ADR Dangerous Goods Vehicle Test

    Dangerous goods vehicle tests can be done at all Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency test stations. An ADR vehicle test can be carried out at the same time as the annual test, and an extra fee is payable for this. 

    Find out more about how to get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road.

    Developed with
    Department for Transport
    Actions
    Get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road
    ADR applicable as from 1 January 2025
    Also on this site
    International road haulage permits
    How to transport dangerous goods
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/adr-test-required-certify-vehicles-used-transport-dangerous-goods

    Links

  • Requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods on vehicles at sea

    Merchant Shipping Notices and International Maritime Organisation guidance on how to pack your cargo.

    The carriage of dangerous goods in vehicles on ships is governed in UK law by the Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods and Marine Pollutants) Regulations 1997. These regulations enact the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code established by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). The IMDG Code covers the carriage of goods, which have been classified as dangerous if transported by sea, or are a marine pollutant.

    The 'Blue Book' referred to in previous guidance no longer exists. It has been replaced by Merchant Shipping Notices (MSNs), which are issued by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). MSNs cover mandatory information that must be complied with under United Kingdom legislation. These MSNs relate to legal requirements and contain the technical detail of such regulations.

    Also on this site
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/requirements-carriage-dangerous-goods-vehicles-sea

    Links

  • Appointing a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser

    How to assess whether you are required to appoint a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser under ADR provisions.

    To comply with the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), companies engaged in carrying, packing, filling, loading and/or unloading of dangerous goods by road, rail or inland waterways may have to appoint a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser (DGSA).

    The cases in which this requirement applies are set out in Chapter 1.8.3 of ADR, which also explains the role of the DGSA.

    In the United Kingdom, the ADR requirements for appointing a DGSA are enforced under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.

    Find details of exemptions to ADR regarding the carriage of dangerous goods by road.

    Also on this site
    How to transport dangerous goods
    International road haulage permits
    Content category
    Transport

    Source URL

    /content/appointing-dangerous-goods-safety-adviser

    Links

  • Carrying perishable foodstuffs in road vehicles

    Requirements on refrigeration and thermal efficiency in road transport vehicles, and displaying the right certificate.

    If you carry perishable foodstuffs abroad in an insulated refrigerated vehicle or container, many countries require you to comply with the Agreement on the international carriage of perishable foodstuffs and special equipment to be used for such carriage (ATP). If you own or operate a vehicle to transport perishable foodstuffs across international borders between countries that are signatories to ATP, you must have an ATP certificate for that vehicle.

    In general, ATP's provisions prescribe the norms and standards for:

    • preserving the quality of perishable foodstuffs during their international transport - ie are the goods insulated, refrigerated, mechanically refrigerated or heated as appropriate?
    • the special transport equipment required
    • checking that insulation is appropriate and intact
    • distinguishing marks to be affixed to the special equipment
    • the equipment and temperature conditions for deep-frozen and frozen foodstuffs

    Your vehicle or container must carry a certificate or plate to show that it meets the standards for refrigeration and thermal efficiency laid down in the ATP. Checks on the certificate or plate may be made at borders or inside the countries concerned.

    An ATP certificate is issued following an inspection of the vehicle or container by a 'Designated Station'. In the UK, the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency has approved Cambridge Refrigeration Technology as a 'Designated Station'. They are authorised to test, examine, and certify vehicles and containers in accordance with the ATP.

    Note that non-processed - ie fresh fruit and vegetables are not included within the scope of ATP.

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  • Inspection of tanks used to carry dangerous goods by road

    Design, construction and equipment standards for your vehicles before carrying dangerous goods in your business.

    Before an International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) vehicle inspection is carried out, fixed tanks, demountable tanks, vehicles carrying batteries of receptacles and tank containers must be examined and tested by an inspection body approved by the UK Department for Transport (DfT). To get the appropriate certificates, your tank equipment will have to meet certain design, construction and equipment standards.


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Requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods on vehicles at sea

In this guide:

  • The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road

    Requirements for businesses under ADR on classifying, packaging, labelling and certifying dangerous goods.

    Moving dangerous goods by road is governed by international regulations and is strictly policed. Most European countries are signed up to the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). Each country which adheres to ADR implements specific safety measures through its own national legislation.

    The purpose of ADR is to ensure that dangerous goods - including clinical and other dangerous waste - being carried by road are able to cross international borders freely, as long as goods, vehicles and drivers comply with its provisions. ADR has been in force since 1968 and is administered by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). It is updated every two years to take account of technological advances.

    ADR sets out the requirements for classifying, packaging, labelling and certifying dangerous goods. These requirements are set out in Annex A to ADR. Vehicles carrying dangerous goods must comply with the provisions of Annex B to ADR, which includes vehicle and tank specifications and other operational requirements. The drivers of all vehicles (including those with a gross vehicle weight of 3.5 tonnes or less) carrying dangerous goods must have an ADR training certificate. There are exemptions for drivers carrying small loads below the threshold limits, drivers carrying dangerous goods packed in limited quantities, and drivers carrying dangerous goods packed in accepted quantities.

    You are required to register as a waste carrier in order to carry certain types of dangerous waste.

    If you transport loads of dangerous goods below certain volume or weight thresholds, many parts of ADR may not apply, or only apply in a modified form. General exemptions to ADR include the dangerous goods list, special provisions and exemptions related to dangerous goods packed in limited quantities.

    In which countries does ADR apply?

    You can find a full list of the competent authorities applying ADR on the UNECE website.

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  • Documentation required in order to carry dangerous goods

    The international Transport Emergency Card and other documentation which needs to accompany dangerous goods in transit.

    When transporting dangerous goods internationally under the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), you must ensure your consignments are always accompanied by a transport document. This sets out detailed information on the load being carried, including full classification of the substance(s) carried and how it is packaged. You must present the required information in a certain order and follow certain rules on language.

    In addition to documents required under other regulations, under ADR you must ensure that the following documents are carried on the transport unit:

    • transport document(s) containing prescribed information for each dangerous substance, material or article being carried - eg their UN number, their technical name in brackets in addition to the name under which they are being shipped
    • emergency instructions in writing
    • means of identification, including a photograph for each member of the vehicle crew

    In addition, if any part of your journey involves sea transport of the vehicle, see requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods on vehicles at sea.

    Emergency instructions in writing

    The consignor of a vehicle carrying dangerous goods must provide the driver with details of the hazards associated with their dangerous goods loads and instructions on emergency action to take if an accident occurs. These instructions are in the form of an international Transport Emergency Card, known as a 'Tremcard'.

    Other agreements and legislation which may apply to dangerous loads

    Some exceptions, or 'derogations' from the provisions of ADR are allowed under certain multilateral agreements. These allow goods to be transported - usually for a fixed period - between or through any of the countries that have signed up to the multilateral agreement. If you are carrying dangerous goods under such an agreement, you must carry a copy of that agreement.

    You should also check whether other legislation beyond the ADR applies to the dangerous goods you carry - for example, load restrictions on the carriage of petrol.

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  • The dangerous goods vehicle approval certificate

    How to certify vehicles for transporting explosives or dangerous goods to or within certain ADR signatory countries.

    If you intend to carry explosives or dangerous goods in tanks by road to or through countries which apply the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), you may need to obtain a certificate. You can view requirements of ADR 2025 on construction and approval of vehicles.

    Fixed-tank vehicles, tank-battery vehicles and other vehicles carrying explosives must undergo technical inspection and a certification procedure in their country of registration to make sure that they conform with ADR requirements and to the standard safety regulations in force, eg covering brakes, lighting and steering.

    In the United Kingdom, vehicles can be inspected at certain Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency Goods Vehicle Testing Stations. These will issue a certificate of approval, valid for one year, for vehicles, which pass this inspection. Vehicle operators must pay a fee for the inspection.

    Find more information on how to get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road.

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  • Driver training certificates required under ADR

    An overview of the training requirements for the vocational 'ADR Certificate' for drivers transporting dangerous goods.

    Under the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), drivers of vehicles with tanks and certain tank components, and some drivers of vehicles carrying dangerous goods in packages, are required to hold a special vocational certificate of training, sometimes referred to informally as an 'ADR Certificate'.

    All drivers of vehicles carrying dangerous goods must attend an approved basic training course. These courses equip drivers with information and tools so that they:

    • are aware of the hazards arising in the carriage of dangerous goods
    • can take steps to reduce the likelihood of an incident taking place
    • can take all necessary measures for their own safety and that of the public and the environment to limit the effects of any incident that does occur
    • have individual practical experience of the actions they will need to take
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  • The ADR test required to certify vehicles used to transport dangerous goods

    Information on how your business can get your vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road under ADR.

    Vehicles used to transport dangerous or hazardous goods must undergo annual checks in order to certify that they are roadworthy.

    Certain dangerous goods vehicles must have an extra test and certificate over and above the normal heavy goods vehicle roadworthiness test. This is known informally as an 'ADR test'. It ensures that vehicles comply with the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). Vehicle requirements vary according to the nature of the goods being carried.

    How to book your annual ADR Dangerous Goods Vehicle Test

    Dangerous goods vehicle tests can be done at all Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency test stations. An ADR vehicle test can be carried out at the same time as the annual test, and an extra fee is payable for this. 

    Find out more about how to get a vehicle approved to carry dangerous goods by road.

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  • Requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods on vehicles at sea

    Merchant Shipping Notices and International Maritime Organisation guidance on how to pack your cargo.

    The carriage of dangerous goods in vehicles on ships is governed in UK law by the Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods and Marine Pollutants) Regulations 1997. These regulations enact the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code established by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). The IMDG Code covers the carriage of goods, which have been classified as dangerous if transported by sea, or are a marine pollutant.

    The 'Blue Book' referred to in previous guidance no longer exists. It has been replaced by Merchant Shipping Notices (MSNs), which are issued by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). MSNs cover mandatory information that must be complied with under United Kingdom legislation. These MSNs relate to legal requirements and contain the technical detail of such regulations.

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  • Appointing a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser

    How to assess whether you are required to appoint a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser under ADR provisions.

    To comply with the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), companies engaged in carrying, packing, filling, loading and/or unloading of dangerous goods by road, rail or inland waterways may have to appoint a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser (DGSA).

    The cases in which this requirement applies are set out in Chapter 1.8.3 of ADR, which also explains the role of the DGSA.

    In the United Kingdom, the ADR requirements for appointing a DGSA are enforced under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.

    Find details of exemptions to ADR regarding the carriage of dangerous goods by road.

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  • Carrying perishable foodstuffs in road vehicles

    Requirements on refrigeration and thermal efficiency in road transport vehicles, and displaying the right certificate.

    If you carry perishable foodstuffs abroad in an insulated refrigerated vehicle or container, many countries require you to comply with the Agreement on the international carriage of perishable foodstuffs and special equipment to be used for such carriage (ATP). If you own or operate a vehicle to transport perishable foodstuffs across international borders between countries that are signatories to ATP, you must have an ATP certificate for that vehicle.

    In general, ATP's provisions prescribe the norms and standards for:

    • preserving the quality of perishable foodstuffs during their international transport - ie are the goods insulated, refrigerated, mechanically refrigerated or heated as appropriate?
    • the special transport equipment required
    • checking that insulation is appropriate and intact
    • distinguishing marks to be affixed to the special equipment
    • the equipment and temperature conditions for deep-frozen and frozen foodstuffs

    Your vehicle or container must carry a certificate or plate to show that it meets the standards for refrigeration and thermal efficiency laid down in the ATP. Checks on the certificate or plate may be made at borders or inside the countries concerned.

    An ATP certificate is issued following an inspection of the vehicle or container by a 'Designated Station'. In the UK, the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency has approved Cambridge Refrigeration Technology as a 'Designated Station'. They are authorised to test, examine, and certify vehicles and containers in accordance with the ATP.

    Note that non-processed - ie fresh fruit and vegetables are not included within the scope of ATP.

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  • Inspection of tanks used to carry dangerous goods by road

    Design, construction and equipment standards for your vehicles before carrying dangerous goods in your business.

    Before an International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) vehicle inspection is carried out, fixed tanks, demountable tanks, vehicles carrying batteries of receptacles and tank containers must be examined and tested by an inspection body approved by the UK Department for Transport (DfT). To get the appropriate certificates, your tank equipment will have to meet certain design, construction and equipment standards.


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    How to transport dangerous goods
    International road haulage permits
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    Transport

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    /content/inspection-tanks-used-carry-dangerous-goods-road

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