Review the effectiveness of your IT training
In this guide:
- IT skills and support for your staff
- Advantages of IT training for your business
- Different types of IT skills
- IT training and learning needs analysis
- Types of IT training available
- IT skills: Qualifications and certifications
- Review the effectiveness of your IT training
- Outsourcing IT and technical support
- Checklist: Choosing an IT training provider
Advantages of IT training for your business
Find out about the benefits of IT training and its impact on productivity, efficiency and your business bottom line.
Information technology (IT) training can help your staff be more confident and comfortable using IT. This can lead to numerous benefits to your business, including:
- increased productivity
- greater efficiency
- improved bottom line
- quicker adoption of new technologies
Due to the costs involved, user training and systems support are often seen as additional overheads. However, you need to invest money in both of these areas to ensure the success of IT systems.
Benefits of IT training and development for staff
There are many potential benefits of investing in the IT skills of your workforce. For example, staff training and development:
- helps your business run better - it makes your staff better equipped to use computer systems, handle customer enquiries or make a sale
- helps staff acquire new skills - this can increase their contribution to your business, as well as their self-esteem and personal development
- enables staff to undertake new and different tasks - this can lead to job enhancements, promotion and increased motivation and job satisfaction
- helps staff gain confidence in their use of IT - this can increase their productivity and efficiency
- makes the transition to new IT systems and technologies easier - for both your staff and customers
- makes your staff feel appreciated - they will see you investing time and money in their professional development, so retention and morale can increase
Risks of not investing in IT training
If you don't give your staff adequate IT training, they may not be able to use your IT systems efficiently. This can potentially lead to:
- business operations being disrupted
- efficiency and productivity falling
- staff becoming frustrated and unhappy
- deadlines being missed
- the business losing confidence in the new system
The more effort you put into training and supporting your staff, the greater the rewards will be in the end. See more on the types of IT training available.
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Different types of IT skills
Overview of the various IT skills required in business, including those for operating computer systems and IT infrastructure.
Developing your employees’ digital skills is key to helping them succeed in the modern workplace. To support effective training, it’s important to understand the different types of information technology (IT) skills your staff may need.
Basic digital literacy
This focuses on the essential skills employees need to use everyday devices and software. It includes tasks like using computers, sending emails, browsing the internet, and working with tools such as word processors and spreadsheets. It’s especially important for employees who have limited or no digital skills.
Job-specific or application-oriented skills
Technical training programmes help employees gain the IT knowledge they need for their specific roles. For example, learning to use industry-specific software, such as accounting or customer management tools, or mastering advanced features in programs like Excel. This is targeted at employees who need particular skills to carry out their job tasks effectively.
IT support skills
Development focuses on helping staff maintain and fix IT systems, both hardware and software. It includes topics like troubleshooting computer issues, managing networks, and basic device repairs. This is aimed at IT support staff or those in technical roles within your business.
Cyber security awareness
General awareness of cyber risks is essential for ensuring all employees understand the importance of protecting your organisation’s systems and data. Basic training will cover areas like recognising phishing attempts, creating strong passwords, securing devices, and understanding data protection regulations. You should provide this type of training to all employees, as everyone plays a role in supporting the cyber security of your organisation.
Advanced IT and software development
Bespoke or advanced training may be required for employees involved in the development and management of complex systems or software. For example, programming languages, database management, and cloud computing. Such training is primarily designed for IT specialists, developers, and those working on technical projects.
Leadership and IT management skills
Various training options are available for those managing IT teams, projects, or strategies, teaching skills like IT project management, leadership in technology environments, and using IT to achieve business goals. This sort of development is crucial for managers and senior staff in charge of IT operations.
Compliance and legal training
This helps staff understand the legal and regulatory requirements surrounding IT use. It includes topics like data protection laws (eg General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR), intellectual property, and IT-related legal matters. This is particularly important for HR or legal teams, or anyone who handles sensitive company data.
Each category addresses different skill levels and requirements, ensuring your staff are equipped to perform their roles effectively and safely. You should carry out an IT training and learning needs analysis to tailor skills development to the specific needs of your business and workforce.
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IT training and learning needs analysis
Find out how to carry out a training and learning needs analysis to work out what IT skills your business needs.
Before arranging IT training for your staff, you should carry out a training and learning needs analysis (TLNA). This will ensure that your training is cost-effective and better received.
Training needs analysis for IT skills
Training needs analysis can be very sophisticated, but a simple approach is suitable for most small businesses. The goal of a training needs analysis is to:
- decide if training is really needed
- find any causes of poor performance
- decide on the content and scope of training
- define the required training outcomes
Training needs analysis stages
Typically, you can carry out an IT training needs analysis in stages:
1. Identify the problem
Decide which business issues you need to address. For example, you may need to improve productivity in producing reports for clients. This may involve different staff carrying out different roles.
2. Plan the TLNA
This work will involve some or all of your staff. It's important to have a clear plan for the training needs analysis and keep all those involved informed. Tell staff how long the exercise will last, who you will interview and the outcomes that you expect from the TLNA.
3. Collect information
Interview your staff so that you understand their current IT skill levels. In a small business, this can be a fairly informal process. If you need basic office skills, you can use the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL), now commonly rebranded as ICDL (International Certification of Digital Literacy) to provide a structure for these interviews.
4. Analyse information
Review the interview results to determine where you should concentrate your training effort. Consider which training methods may fit your business.
5. Develop a training action plan
Define what training is needed by whom, and how soon, and develop a staff training plan.
6. Communicate the results to your staff
Once you identify your training needs, consider the ways in which you can deliver the required training. See more on the types of IT training available.
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Source URL
/content/it-training-and-learning-needs-analysis
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Types of IT training available
Staff training can take many forms and follow many different methods - find the one that fits your business.
Staff training can take many forms and utilise many different methods. The right training can help you make the most of your investment in information technology (IT) systems.
To determine what type and level of training your staff may need, you should carry out an IT training and learning needs analysis.
Methods of IT training
Depending on what IT skills your business needs, there are many sources and methods of training available, including:
Internal training
You can ask an experienced person within your business to train their co-workers or host a training session that focuses on a particular skill or task. This can be an inexpensive way to upskill your staff. Keep in mind that effective delivery of training is a skill in itself and you may need to source course material separately.
Public courses
You can book a training course with professional training providers or companies. The course can take place away from the workplace, often at the provider's own venue, and the price of the training may also include course material.
In-house training
You can hire training organisations, IT consultants or system suppliers to deliver bespoke training to your staff at your own premises. Larger organisations may find this type of training cost-effective if they have multiple employees with the same training needs. This is unlikely to be the case for small businesses with just a few staff.
Online training
Some training providers will offer computer-based training, most often delivered over the internet. These types of courses often provide businesses with a more cost-effective and flexible approach to staff training.
Self-paced learning
Some people may find learning on their own easier than taking a training course. You may wish to source some self-study books or manuals if you find that your employees best learn on their own.
One-to-one
In some circumstances, one-to-one delivery of training may best meet the learning needs of individuals. For example, many IT qualifications are based on experience gained in the workplace and are often highly practical in nature. The training required will often be given on a one-to-one basis that provides hands-on experience.
Some training - such as webinars, interactive tutorials, learning videos, etc - may be available online free of charge. There are pros and cons to any type of training. Make sure that you consider all the options to find training methods to fit your business.
Choosing your training provider
Any business can set itself up as a training provider. When choosing training solutions, make sure that the provider is legitimate, accredited, with good references and that the training meets a recognised standard. See more on IT skills standards and qualifications.
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Source URL
/content/types-it-training-available
Links
IT skills: Qualifications and certifications
Upskill your staff with global and national IT certifications to boost digital skills and productivity in your business.
In Northern Ireland, various IT qualifications are available to help businesses upskill their workforce. These range from globally recognised certifications to nationally recognised qualifications, catering to different levels of expertise and roles.
Global standards and IT certifications
Choosing the right qualification will ensure your employees are equipped with the necessary skills to succeed in the digital workplace.
International Certification of Digital Literacy (ICDL)
ICDL is a widely recognised qualification for basic to advanced digital skills. It covers areas like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations and online collaboration. The certification is accredited by the British Computer Society (BCS). Training and testing in Northern Ireland are available through BCS-approved centres.
CompTIA certifications
CompTIA stands for Computing Technology Industry Association and offers a range of vendor-neutral, industry-recognised certifications for different levels of IT knowledge. The core certifications are ideal for employees looking for broad IT skills for job roles in IT support, networking or cyber security. Find a list of CompTIA certifications.
Microsoft certifications
Microsoft offers certifications for IT professionals at fundamental, role-based, and specialist level. They help validate skills and expertise in working with Microsoft technologies across a range of categories, including infrastructure, data and artificial intelligence, digital apps, modern work, business applications and security. Free learning resources are available through Microsoft learn. Courses are delivered through a network of official learning partners, further education colleges and private IT training providers.
Cisco certifications
Cisco certifications are widespread in the IT and networking industry. They validate skills related to network administration, security, design and related IT fields, with a structured path that allows individuals to progress from entry-level to expert level-certifications. Training can be instructor-led or self-paced, online or in-person, through further education colleges, private training providers and global learning partners. Read about Cisco certifications.
It is important to note that many certifications, particularly those from global providers, require recertification after a certain period.
Sector-specific qualifications
Specialised IT qualifications are designed to meet the unique needs of specific sectors or industries. For example, qualifications are available in areas such as:
- accounting software training – for finance roles
- CAD certifications – in architecture, engineering and product design
As industries adopt emerging technologies, qualifications are increasingly expanding into new areas. For example:
- artificial intelligence and machine learning training
- cloud computing certifications
- digital marketing tools and platforms accreditations
These credentials can ensure staff are familiar with the latest industry tools and technologies, and can apply them effectively in their roles.
National qualifications
National qualifications provide recognised standards of learning and skills development, helping individuals gain the knowledge and expertise needed for various roles in the workplace. They are typically delivered by further education colleges, community organisations, and training providers.
Essential Skills IT qualification
These qualifications help employees develop essential digital skills at Level 1 and Level 2. They cover basic tasks like using devices, online communication, and staying safe online. In Northern Ireland, Essential Skills IT is free.
Level 2 and 3 IT qualifications
These qualifications offer more advanced skills in areas like IT user skills, systems support, and software development. They are designed for employees wanting to progress to more technical roles. See what different qualification levels mean in Northern Ireland.
National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) in IT
NVQs are work-based and focus on practical skills in IT support, web development, and network administration. These are available at Level 2 to Level 4. Your staff can study them at work, at college or as part of an apprenticeship. Find out more about NVQs.
There are various government-funded schemes and local initiatives in Northern Ireland to support IT skills development, particularly for small and medium-sized businesses. If you’re looking for training subsidies, check our Business Support Finder for funding options.
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Review the effectiveness of your IT training
How to carry out a training review to evaluate the effectiveness of training and its impact on staff capabilities.
Information technology (IT) training should aim to meet business objectives. You can use an IT training and learning needs analysis to decide who needs training, and in what skills.
Once your staff complete their training, make sure that they have the opportunity to use and reinforce their new skills. Without this immediate practice, much of the benefits of the training can be lost.
How to evaluate the effectiveness of training?
You can evaluate the effectiveness of the training by reviewing the capabilities of your employees in the relevant set of skills, before and after training.
A good way to do this is to:
- speak to staff and ask them how well they are able to carry out the tasks that they were trained on
- seek feedback on trainers who delivered the training
- monitor changes in staff performance and efficiency after the training
- monitor the need for external support in this particular IT area
Understanding the impact of the training can help you select better training suppliers and courses in the future.
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Source URL
/content/review-effectiveness-your-it-training
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Outsourcing IT and technical support
Examine technical support options for your business and decide if in-house or third-party support is right for you.
The complex nature of computers and applications means that problems with hardware or software are inevitable. Some form of technical support is essential for ensuring the continuity of information technology (IT) systems used by your business.
Reactive vs. proactive technical support
Technical support can be categorised in two ways:
- reactive support is concerned with responding to problems as they occur and identifying and supplying solutions
- proactive support attempts to ensure that systems are properly maintained and monitored to find potential problems and fix them before they become major issues
Both types of technical support are available as either in-house or externally sourced solutions.
Advantages of in-house support over outsourcing IT
The main advantage of providing in-house IT support is that you can deal with problems quickly and provide proactive support more easily. However, employing dedicated IT staff can be expensive.
Contracting out or outsourcing IT support to third parties is more common. It tends to be more cost-effective because you seek and get support as required. The support service is:
- usually accessed via a telephone helpdesk
- often supplemented by email communications
If you can't resolve a problem over email or phone, it will be escalated. If an on-site visit is required it usually costs extra.
If you are considering outsourcing your IT support to a third-party provider, it is best to choose someone based on a personal recommendation as the quality of service can vary.
Bear in mind that you might compromise your customers' rights and void any potential warranties if you have the equipment serviced by an unauthorised third party.
Read about the different types of outsourcing services and their advantages and disadvantages.
Support for your business software and hardware
Most software manufacturers provide remote support for a limited period. Typically this will be from 30 days to one year, with the option to purchase additional support as required.
Outsourced support isn't usually an option with hardware, as problems often require some form of physical intervention. However, warranties may require faulty equipment to be returned to the supplier rather than being repaired on-site by an engineer. This could mean that you are without key equipment for the duration of the repair if a replacement hasn't been provided.
Before you buy any IT equipment, you should look into the length of the warranty, and service levels during the warranty and after it.
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Checklist: Choosing an IT training provider
Questions to ask potential IT training providers to make sure you choose the right training solution for your business.
With many options available, choosing an information technology (IT) training provider can be difficult. Before committing to a particular course or entering into a technical support contract, it can help to ask the following questions:
- How long has the supplier been established?
- What training materials and documentation are provided to attendees of the training company's courses?
- Does the training company offer any materials for evaluation purposes so that you can try them before you buy?
- Does the training company conduct a training needs analysis and offer consultancy? If so, at what rates?
- Are training costs based on the number of students or is there a set charge for a particular course?
- Is the training company prepared to provide training on-site? What facilities will be needed, eg room layout, equipment, etc?
- What are the specific costs associated with the provision of technical support, eg an annual cost or renewable subscription, a charge per PC being supported, charges based on the number of users, etc?
- What procedures are in place to escalate support calls to ensure that they progress towards a solution?
- Is the technical support supplier prepared to make on-site visits to address and rectify technical issues with your systems? If so, what are the charges associated with such services?
- What qualifications do the supplier's technicians hold? Are they fully qualified or certified by the manufacturers to support and maintain your IT hardware and software?
- Can the support company provide references for you to contact?
Get help with ICT
If you are a business located in Northern Ireland, and you need assistance with ICT issues or with assessing your business' skills requirements, you may be able to get practical advice and help from Invest Northern Ireland.
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Different types of IT skills
In this guide:
- IT skills and support for your staff
- Advantages of IT training for your business
- Different types of IT skills
- IT training and learning needs analysis
- Types of IT training available
- IT skills: Qualifications and certifications
- Review the effectiveness of your IT training
- Outsourcing IT and technical support
- Checklist: Choosing an IT training provider
Advantages of IT training for your business
Find out about the benefits of IT training and its impact on productivity, efficiency and your business bottom line.
Information technology (IT) training can help your staff be more confident and comfortable using IT. This can lead to numerous benefits to your business, including:
- increased productivity
- greater efficiency
- improved bottom line
- quicker adoption of new technologies
Due to the costs involved, user training and systems support are often seen as additional overheads. However, you need to invest money in both of these areas to ensure the success of IT systems.
Benefits of IT training and development for staff
There are many potential benefits of investing in the IT skills of your workforce. For example, staff training and development:
- helps your business run better - it makes your staff better equipped to use computer systems, handle customer enquiries or make a sale
- helps staff acquire new skills - this can increase their contribution to your business, as well as their self-esteem and personal development
- enables staff to undertake new and different tasks - this can lead to job enhancements, promotion and increased motivation and job satisfaction
- helps staff gain confidence in their use of IT - this can increase their productivity and efficiency
- makes the transition to new IT systems and technologies easier - for both your staff and customers
- makes your staff feel appreciated - they will see you investing time and money in their professional development, so retention and morale can increase
Risks of not investing in IT training
If you don't give your staff adequate IT training, they may not be able to use your IT systems efficiently. This can potentially lead to:
- business operations being disrupted
- efficiency and productivity falling
- staff becoming frustrated and unhappy
- deadlines being missed
- the business losing confidence in the new system
The more effort you put into training and supporting your staff, the greater the rewards will be in the end. See more on the types of IT training available.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/advantages-it-training-your-business
Links
Different types of IT skills
Overview of the various IT skills required in business, including those for operating computer systems and IT infrastructure.
Developing your employees’ digital skills is key to helping them succeed in the modern workplace. To support effective training, it’s important to understand the different types of information technology (IT) skills your staff may need.
Basic digital literacy
This focuses on the essential skills employees need to use everyday devices and software. It includes tasks like using computers, sending emails, browsing the internet, and working with tools such as word processors and spreadsheets. It’s especially important for employees who have limited or no digital skills.
Job-specific or application-oriented skills
Technical training programmes help employees gain the IT knowledge they need for their specific roles. For example, learning to use industry-specific software, such as accounting or customer management tools, or mastering advanced features in programs like Excel. This is targeted at employees who need particular skills to carry out their job tasks effectively.
IT support skills
Development focuses on helping staff maintain and fix IT systems, both hardware and software. It includes topics like troubleshooting computer issues, managing networks, and basic device repairs. This is aimed at IT support staff or those in technical roles within your business.
Cyber security awareness
General awareness of cyber risks is essential for ensuring all employees understand the importance of protecting your organisation’s systems and data. Basic training will cover areas like recognising phishing attempts, creating strong passwords, securing devices, and understanding data protection regulations. You should provide this type of training to all employees, as everyone plays a role in supporting the cyber security of your organisation.
Advanced IT and software development
Bespoke or advanced training may be required for employees involved in the development and management of complex systems or software. For example, programming languages, database management, and cloud computing. Such training is primarily designed for IT specialists, developers, and those working on technical projects.
Leadership and IT management skills
Various training options are available for those managing IT teams, projects, or strategies, teaching skills like IT project management, leadership in technology environments, and using IT to achieve business goals. This sort of development is crucial for managers and senior staff in charge of IT operations.
Compliance and legal training
This helps staff understand the legal and regulatory requirements surrounding IT use. It includes topics like data protection laws (eg General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR), intellectual property, and IT-related legal matters. This is particularly important for HR or legal teams, or anyone who handles sensitive company data.
Each category addresses different skill levels and requirements, ensuring your staff are equipped to perform their roles effectively and safely. You should carry out an IT training and learning needs analysis to tailor skills development to the specific needs of your business and workforce.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/different-types-it-skills
Links
IT training and learning needs analysis
Find out how to carry out a training and learning needs analysis to work out what IT skills your business needs.
Before arranging IT training for your staff, you should carry out a training and learning needs analysis (TLNA). This will ensure that your training is cost-effective and better received.
Training needs analysis for IT skills
Training needs analysis can be very sophisticated, but a simple approach is suitable for most small businesses. The goal of a training needs analysis is to:
- decide if training is really needed
- find any causes of poor performance
- decide on the content and scope of training
- define the required training outcomes
Training needs analysis stages
Typically, you can carry out an IT training needs analysis in stages:
1. Identify the problem
Decide which business issues you need to address. For example, you may need to improve productivity in producing reports for clients. This may involve different staff carrying out different roles.
2. Plan the TLNA
This work will involve some or all of your staff. It's important to have a clear plan for the training needs analysis and keep all those involved informed. Tell staff how long the exercise will last, who you will interview and the outcomes that you expect from the TLNA.
3. Collect information
Interview your staff so that you understand their current IT skill levels. In a small business, this can be a fairly informal process. If you need basic office skills, you can use the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL), now commonly rebranded as ICDL (International Certification of Digital Literacy) to provide a structure for these interviews.
4. Analyse information
Review the interview results to determine where you should concentrate your training effort. Consider which training methods may fit your business.
5. Develop a training action plan
Define what training is needed by whom, and how soon, and develop a staff training plan.
6. Communicate the results to your staff
Once you identify your training needs, consider the ways in which you can deliver the required training. See more on the types of IT training available.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/it-training-and-learning-needs-analysis
Links
Types of IT training available
Staff training can take many forms and follow many different methods - find the one that fits your business.
Staff training can take many forms and utilise many different methods. The right training can help you make the most of your investment in information technology (IT) systems.
To determine what type and level of training your staff may need, you should carry out an IT training and learning needs analysis.
Methods of IT training
Depending on what IT skills your business needs, there are many sources and methods of training available, including:
Internal training
You can ask an experienced person within your business to train their co-workers or host a training session that focuses on a particular skill or task. This can be an inexpensive way to upskill your staff. Keep in mind that effective delivery of training is a skill in itself and you may need to source course material separately.
Public courses
You can book a training course with professional training providers or companies. The course can take place away from the workplace, often at the provider's own venue, and the price of the training may also include course material.
In-house training
You can hire training organisations, IT consultants or system suppliers to deliver bespoke training to your staff at your own premises. Larger organisations may find this type of training cost-effective if they have multiple employees with the same training needs. This is unlikely to be the case for small businesses with just a few staff.
Online training
Some training providers will offer computer-based training, most often delivered over the internet. These types of courses often provide businesses with a more cost-effective and flexible approach to staff training.
Self-paced learning
Some people may find learning on their own easier than taking a training course. You may wish to source some self-study books or manuals if you find that your employees best learn on their own.
One-to-one
In some circumstances, one-to-one delivery of training may best meet the learning needs of individuals. For example, many IT qualifications are based on experience gained in the workplace and are often highly practical in nature. The training required will often be given on a one-to-one basis that provides hands-on experience.
Some training - such as webinars, interactive tutorials, learning videos, etc - may be available online free of charge. There are pros and cons to any type of training. Make sure that you consider all the options to find training methods to fit your business.
Choosing your training provider
Any business can set itself up as a training provider. When choosing training solutions, make sure that the provider is legitimate, accredited, with good references and that the training meets a recognised standard. See more on IT skills standards and qualifications.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/types-it-training-available
Links
IT skills: Qualifications and certifications
Upskill your staff with global and national IT certifications to boost digital skills and productivity in your business.
In Northern Ireland, various IT qualifications are available to help businesses upskill their workforce. These range from globally recognised certifications to nationally recognised qualifications, catering to different levels of expertise and roles.
Global standards and IT certifications
Choosing the right qualification will ensure your employees are equipped with the necessary skills to succeed in the digital workplace.
International Certification of Digital Literacy (ICDL)
ICDL is a widely recognised qualification for basic to advanced digital skills. It covers areas like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations and online collaboration. The certification is accredited by the British Computer Society (BCS). Training and testing in Northern Ireland are available through BCS-approved centres.
CompTIA certifications
CompTIA stands for Computing Technology Industry Association and offers a range of vendor-neutral, industry-recognised certifications for different levels of IT knowledge. The core certifications are ideal for employees looking for broad IT skills for job roles in IT support, networking or cyber security. Find a list of CompTIA certifications.
Microsoft certifications
Microsoft offers certifications for IT professionals at fundamental, role-based, and specialist level. They help validate skills and expertise in working with Microsoft technologies across a range of categories, including infrastructure, data and artificial intelligence, digital apps, modern work, business applications and security. Free learning resources are available through Microsoft learn. Courses are delivered through a network of official learning partners, further education colleges and private IT training providers.
Cisco certifications
Cisco certifications are widespread in the IT and networking industry. They validate skills related to network administration, security, design and related IT fields, with a structured path that allows individuals to progress from entry-level to expert level-certifications. Training can be instructor-led or self-paced, online or in-person, through further education colleges, private training providers and global learning partners. Read about Cisco certifications.
It is important to note that many certifications, particularly those from global providers, require recertification after a certain period.
Sector-specific qualifications
Specialised IT qualifications are designed to meet the unique needs of specific sectors or industries. For example, qualifications are available in areas such as:
- accounting software training – for finance roles
- CAD certifications – in architecture, engineering and product design
As industries adopt emerging technologies, qualifications are increasingly expanding into new areas. For example:
- artificial intelligence and machine learning training
- cloud computing certifications
- digital marketing tools and platforms accreditations
These credentials can ensure staff are familiar with the latest industry tools and technologies, and can apply them effectively in their roles.
National qualifications
National qualifications provide recognised standards of learning and skills development, helping individuals gain the knowledge and expertise needed for various roles in the workplace. They are typically delivered by further education colleges, community organisations, and training providers.
Essential Skills IT qualification
These qualifications help employees develop essential digital skills at Level 1 and Level 2. They cover basic tasks like using devices, online communication, and staying safe online. In Northern Ireland, Essential Skills IT is free.
Level 2 and 3 IT qualifications
These qualifications offer more advanced skills in areas like IT user skills, systems support, and software development. They are designed for employees wanting to progress to more technical roles. See what different qualification levels mean in Northern Ireland.
National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) in IT
NVQs are work-based and focus on practical skills in IT support, web development, and network administration. These are available at Level 2 to Level 4. Your staff can study them at work, at college or as part of an apprenticeship. Find out more about NVQs.
There are various government-funded schemes and local initiatives in Northern Ireland to support IT skills development, particularly for small and medium-sized businesses. If you’re looking for training subsidies, check our Business Support Finder for funding options.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/it-skills-qualifications-and-certifications
Links
Review the effectiveness of your IT training
How to carry out a training review to evaluate the effectiveness of training and its impact on staff capabilities.
Information technology (IT) training should aim to meet business objectives. You can use an IT training and learning needs analysis to decide who needs training, and in what skills.
Once your staff complete their training, make sure that they have the opportunity to use and reinforce their new skills. Without this immediate practice, much of the benefits of the training can be lost.
How to evaluate the effectiveness of training?
You can evaluate the effectiveness of the training by reviewing the capabilities of your employees in the relevant set of skills, before and after training.
A good way to do this is to:
- speak to staff and ask them how well they are able to carry out the tasks that they were trained on
- seek feedback on trainers who delivered the training
- monitor changes in staff performance and efficiency after the training
- monitor the need for external support in this particular IT area
Understanding the impact of the training can help you select better training suppliers and courses in the future.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/review-effectiveness-your-it-training
Links
Outsourcing IT and technical support
Examine technical support options for your business and decide if in-house or third-party support is right for you.
The complex nature of computers and applications means that problems with hardware or software are inevitable. Some form of technical support is essential for ensuring the continuity of information technology (IT) systems used by your business.
Reactive vs. proactive technical support
Technical support can be categorised in two ways:
- reactive support is concerned with responding to problems as they occur and identifying and supplying solutions
- proactive support attempts to ensure that systems are properly maintained and monitored to find potential problems and fix them before they become major issues
Both types of technical support are available as either in-house or externally sourced solutions.
Advantages of in-house support over outsourcing IT
The main advantage of providing in-house IT support is that you can deal with problems quickly and provide proactive support more easily. However, employing dedicated IT staff can be expensive.
Contracting out or outsourcing IT support to third parties is more common. It tends to be more cost-effective because you seek and get support as required. The support service is:
- usually accessed via a telephone helpdesk
- often supplemented by email communications
If you can't resolve a problem over email or phone, it will be escalated. If an on-site visit is required it usually costs extra.
If you are considering outsourcing your IT support to a third-party provider, it is best to choose someone based on a personal recommendation as the quality of service can vary.
Bear in mind that you might compromise your customers' rights and void any potential warranties if you have the equipment serviced by an unauthorised third party.
Read about the different types of outsourcing services and their advantages and disadvantages.
Support for your business software and hardware
Most software manufacturers provide remote support for a limited period. Typically this will be from 30 days to one year, with the option to purchase additional support as required.
Outsourced support isn't usually an option with hardware, as problems often require some form of physical intervention. However, warranties may require faulty equipment to be returned to the supplier rather than being repaired on-site by an engineer. This could mean that you are without key equipment for the duration of the repair if a replacement hasn't been provided.
Before you buy any IT equipment, you should look into the length of the warranty, and service levels during the warranty and after it.
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Checklist: Choosing an IT training provider
Questions to ask potential IT training providers to make sure you choose the right training solution for your business.
With many options available, choosing an information technology (IT) training provider can be difficult. Before committing to a particular course or entering into a technical support contract, it can help to ask the following questions:
- How long has the supplier been established?
- What training materials and documentation are provided to attendees of the training company's courses?
- Does the training company offer any materials for evaluation purposes so that you can try them before you buy?
- Does the training company conduct a training needs analysis and offer consultancy? If so, at what rates?
- Are training costs based on the number of students or is there a set charge for a particular course?
- Is the training company prepared to provide training on-site? What facilities will be needed, eg room layout, equipment, etc?
- What are the specific costs associated with the provision of technical support, eg an annual cost or renewable subscription, a charge per PC being supported, charges based on the number of users, etc?
- What procedures are in place to escalate support calls to ensure that they progress towards a solution?
- Is the technical support supplier prepared to make on-site visits to address and rectify technical issues with your systems? If so, what are the charges associated with such services?
- What qualifications do the supplier's technicians hold? Are they fully qualified or certified by the manufacturers to support and maintain your IT hardware and software?
- Can the support company provide references for you to contact?
Get help with ICT
If you are a business located in Northern Ireland, and you need assistance with ICT issues or with assessing your business' skills requirements, you may be able to get practical advice and help from Invest Northern Ireland.
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Wireless networking standards
Wireless network components
Understand key parts of a business WLAN, including access points, network interface cards and range extenders, and how to set them up.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) use the same basic structure of components as the traditional Ethernet-wired networks. However, instead of cables, WLANs use infrared or radio frequency technology to transmit data across the network.
Businesses typically use wireless networks within a single building, or as a building-to-building connection, often as an extension to a wired network.
What are the main components of a wireless network?
The physical WLAN architecture is fairly simple. Basic components of WLAN are typically wireless access points and network interface cards (NICs) or client adaptors. You can use other components, such as wireless bridges and repeaters, to extend the reach of your network.
Wireless access points
A central access point is basically the wireless equivalent of a LAN hub. It is a small box (with one or more aerials) that uses a connector to attach it to the rest of your wired LAN.
Access points receive and transmit data from and to all the wireless devices in their area. They can handle many different connections between different devices all talking to each other at once, but the more devices you have connected to the same an access point, the slower they will operate.
You may need more than one access point to cover a building, depending on its range and the composition of any walls or floors between the access point and the wireless network card.
Wireless network interface card (NIC)
The network interface card acts as the radio receiver and transmitter for a specific computer and connects it into the WLAN. It is coupled with the device operating system using a software driver. Most modern laptops or tablets have this Wi-Fi capability built-in, but with older desktop PCs you may need to install one.
Most wireless network cards connect to an access point. However, some NICs can enable a peer-to-peer connection - ie they can talk to other compatible network cards that are within its range. This may be useful for small roaming workgroups of devices that do not require access to the LAN backbone.
Wireless range extenders and bridges
Wireless repeaters can improve or extend the coverage of your network. They work by receiving your existing Wi-Fi signal and relaying your requests and responses between your device and your main Wi-Fi router/access point. With a repeater, you can effectively double the range of your WLAN.
Most WLANs are installed using access points that have omnidirectional aerials or antennae. These transmit wireless signals in all directions, as opposed to directional antennae, which produce a more concentrated signal focused on a narrower area. Depending on the type of signal you need, replacing the antenna of your wireless access point may give you a better range.
Wireless bridges enable high-speed long-range outdoor links between buildings. Their range is typically up to 25 miles. They are based on line-of-sight, so physical obstacles such as trees and tall buildings in the path will negatively impact the signal strength.
How to set up your WLAN?
The different components need to be compatible for the WLAN to function correctly. This is possible because they comply with a set of wireless networking standards intended to enable devices from different manufacturers to work together.
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Wireless networking standards
Different types of WLAN standards, and their benefits for speed, range and security in business networks.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) develops official standards to enable wireless local area network (WLAN) devices to work together, regardless of which manufacturer made them.
These standards focus on:
- speed - getting data transmitted faster between PCs and access points
- security - making sure that the wireless capability is not abused
You need to be aware of both factors when choosing wireless networking equipment.
What IEEE standards to prioritise in 2026
Choose Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) as your minimum standard. Better still, go for Wi-Fi 6E or Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be). Here's why you should prioritise a newer standard:
Faster speeds and better coverage
Older standards (like 802.11a/b/g/n/ac) max out at 54-1300 Mbps with patchy range. Wi-Fi 6 can reach 9.6 Gbps. Wi-Fi 7 reaches a maximum of 46 Gbps - fast enough for several simultaneous high-quality video calls, 8K video streaming/VR, large file transfers, and can handle multiple users without lag.
Handles busy networks
Modern offices have phones, laptops, cameras and IoT devices all competing for Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi 6/7 use smart technology to serve more devices at once on the same or multimple channels. This prevents slowdowns during peak demand.
Cuts interference and latency
Neighbouring Wi-Fi, microwaves and Bluetooth cause 'noise' and new standards resist this better. Latency drops below 2 milliseconds which is vital for VoIP calls or real-time apps.
Backward compatible
Wi-Fi 6/7 work with older devices (like Wi-Fi 5 laptops). Your current phones/tablets will be able to connect while you upgrade gradually.
Find IEEE published standards and learn more about Wi-Fi 6 standard.
When considering standards and networking equipment, choose devices that the Wi-Fi Alliance has tested and certified. This guarantees that they meet industry requirements and can work together.
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Source URL
/content/wireless-networking-standards
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Security issues in wireless networks
Overview of common WLAN threats like eavesdropping, spoofing and denial-of-service attacks, and basic steps to reduce risks.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) transmit and receive data using radio waves rather than wires. This lack of a physical barrier makes WLANs vulnerable to unlawful interception, eavesdropping, hacking and a range of other cyber security issues.
Wireless network security issues and threats
The three most common WLAN security threats include:
- denial of service attacks - where the intruder floods the network with messages affecting the availability of the network resources
- spoofing and session hijacking - where the attacker gains access to network data and resources by assuming the identity of a valid user
- eavesdropping - where unauthorised third parties intercept the data being transmitted over the secure network
To counter these threats, you should make every effort to configure your WLAN correctly. You should also enable a range of security features, such as standard authentication and encryption, alongside other access control mechanisms.
Basic WLAN security features
Early wireless hardware relied on weak security methods. These no longer work against modern threats. Outdated features to avoid include:
- Service Set Identifiers (SSIDs) - these hide your network name, but hackers easily detect and bypass them
- Media Access Control (MAC) filtering - this limits connections by device hardware address, but hackers can spoof them easily
- Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) - this is basic, outdated encryption, now easily cracked
WEP is pretty much extinct in new hardware. Legacy devices using it risk total compromise. Even combined, these features offer little meaningful protection.
What is more, WLAN equipment often comes with security measures switched off entirely. If you don't switch these on during setup, you risk leaving your network wide open.
Upgrade your WLAN security protocols
If your WLAN still uses basic features like SSIDs, MAC filtering or WEP, upgrade immediately to Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) - specifically WPA3 with strong, unique passwords. WPA2 is acceptable as a minimum, but vulnerable to known attacks. You should enable WPA3 during router setup for best protection - most modern devices support it.
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/content/security-issues-wireless-networks
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Wi-Fi protected access (WPA)
An overview of the WPA, WPA2 and WPA3 - the key wireless security protocols commonly used in modern wireless network products.
Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) is the modern standard that encrypts your business wireless network. It replaced Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), which proved particularly vulnerable to hacking.
The Wi-Fi Alliance created WPA protocols to scramble wireless data using stronger encryption. Three generations of protocols evolved to meet growing threats:
- WPA (2003): First fix for WEP - now obsolete.
- WPA2 (2004): This was industry standard for 20 years. Now proven vulnerable to KRACK attacks that steal data mid-session.
- WPA3 (2018): This is the current best practice standard. It offers better protection against password guessing and session attacks, and adds forward secrecy, which means past sessions stay safe even if the system gets compromised.
How does Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) work
With all WPA versions, your router and devices start with one shared password. They use it to mathematically generate different encryption keys for every single data packet - emails, files, web pages. If a hacker intercepts one packet, the key expires immediately. The next packet uses a completely new key. They can't unlock anything without cracking millions of maths calculations per second.
Which WPA should your business have
The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) recommends WPA3 for all new wireless network deployments. There are two modes for businesses. You should choose the mode based on your business size and security needs.
Personal mode
This is best for small businesses and teams with under 50 devices. It uses a pre-shared password or passphrase for authentication. Each device gets individual encryption keys, which means that one compromised device doesn't expose others. It's best suited for simple office Wi-Fi, retail or home workers. It works with Wi-Fi 6/7 and most routers since 2020 support it.
Enterprise mode
This is for medium to large businesses with 50+ devices or regulated sectors. It uses a more sophisticated method of encryption with individual user authentication for each user/device. It is required for government contracts, financial services and healthcare sectors, and essential where cyber insurance mandates strong authentication.
Upgrading to WPA3
Most businesses can upgrade their networks to WPA3 without needing technical expertise. It involves logging into your router to change the security setting from WPA2 or WEP to WPA3, creating a strong password, saving the changes and reconnecting your devices. Most modern phones, laptops and printers work fine immediately.
If you're unsure how to do this, ask your ISP or IT support to enable WPA3 for you. WPA3 will work alongside your existing WPA2 devices during upgrade, avoiding the need to replace all of your equipment at once.
It's important to note that even WPA3 is not impervious to threats. You should mitigate them via regular software upgrades, including patches to your operating systems and router firmware.
Keep in mind that wireless hardware manufacturers often supply their products with the security settings turned off. Make sure that you set the device up properly before using it. See 10 tips for better wireless network security.
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Improve network security with VPN and firewalls
How to use virtual private networks (or VPNs) and firewalls to improve the security of your business' devices and wireless network.
The latest security protocols, based on Wi-Fi protected access (WPA), can help strengthen your wireless local area network defences, but they don't necessarily stop all attacks. You should consider adding virtual private networks and firewalls as additional ways of boosting your network security.
Virtual private networks (VPNs)
VPNs create an encrypted tunnel for all your Wi-Fi traffic, protecting data even if your wireless network uses weak security, or if you're on a public Wi-Fi like coffee shops, hotels or client sites. When used with WPA3, they effectively provide double encryption, keeping data private even when Wi-Fi security fails.
VPNs are essential for:
- remote working - employees safely accessing company files and systems from home
- multi-site businesses - linking branches, warehouses and remote offices with encrypted connections
- guest Wi-Fi isolation - allowing customers to use your Wi-Fi safely without accessing internal systems or seeing employee traffic
- compliance requirements - often mandatory for cyber insurance policies, and necessary for Cyber Essentials, ISO 27001 and data protection compliance
While VPN encryption adds strong protection, it isn't perfect and there are some limitations. For example, you may experience:
- set up challenges - design and deployment often need expertise and most small businesses will need IT consultants
- roaming issues - moving around big buildings/sites can cause connection to drop briefly, as the devices switch between Wi-Fi access points
- performance and speed issues - double encryption reduces throughput and slows down large file transfers
- battery drain - mobile devices and laptops lose more battery with VPN always on
See more on possible problems and security issues in wireless networking.
Firewalls
A firewall is a device or piece of software that controls what data is allowed to pass through it. Effectively, it acts as a digital guard, checking the network and blocking unauthorised traffic.
You can use a firewall in a network for:
- guest Wi-Fi isolation - to separate an insecure part of the network from the secure area where your most critical data is managed
- wireless/wired separation - to split traffic to stop compromised Wi-Fi devices spreading malware to your trusted desktop network
- traffic filtering - to block staff accidentally visiting phishing sites or downloading malware through Wi-Fi
Most broadband routers include basic firewalls, but they rarely protect your WLAN properly. You may need an additional device depending on your network design.
Unless you have good IT security skills available internally, you should seek advice from an experienced consultant to help you design your network and configure your firewall.
It's important to understand that no single solution will give you guaranteed protection against existing network vulnerabilities. In most cases, the best way to secure your wireless network is to:
- set up and maintain the network and the connected devices correctly
- implement appropriate safety measures
- train your staff on acceptable use and networking best practices
Find 10 tips for better wireless network security and read about server security.
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10 tips for better wireless network security
Follow these ten practical steps to secure your business WLAN against hackers, eavesdroppers and network abuse.
A secure wireless network protects your data and operations. Here are some ideas to help you improve your wireless local area network (WLAN) security and get the most out of wireless networking:
Assume hackers target everyone
Hackers scan for unsecured Wi-Fi 24 hours a day. Even small businesses face attacks. If compromised, your network could let attackers reach your customers or suppliers, and one breach is enough to damage your business reputation permanently. To get a better understanding of online threats, see cyber security for business.
Upgrade to WPA3 encryption
If your devices rely on basic WLAN security features such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), or out of date Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) protocols, upgrade them to WPA2 to WPA3 where possible. Modern devices with the latest security protocols offer better protection, especially when used with strong passwords of 20 characters or more.
Choose compatible equipment
Make sure that your new WLAN equipment matches the required wireless networking standards. If possible, order equipment from the same manufacturer to ensure that it's compliant and compatible. If buying from different manufacturers, look for the Wi-Fi Alliance certification mark to ensure devices work together securely.
Change all default passwords
Always enable security features when installing new equipment. Make sure the devices have unique complex passwords, not using common factory default passwords. Many devices now come with unique passwords pre-configured, but you need to ensure this information is not left with the device if it is in a public area where anyone can see it. Read more on Wi-Fi protected access (WPA).
Position access points carefully
Place access points (which transfer data between your devices) away from external walls and windows. This reduces signal leakage outside your building and limits the chances of interception. Use a Wi-Fi analyser app to check coverage.
Authorise all Wi-Fi devices
Only allow approved routers and access points on your network. Check for unauthorised devices weekly. Block staff adding personal routers as one insecure access point could put your entire network at risk. Read more about access points and other wireless network components.
Use a virtual private network (VPN) for remote access or on public Wi-Fi
Require staff to use VPN to access company systems from home, coffee shops, hotels or client sites. A VPN adds a second layer of encryption to WPA3, and protects your data, multi-site office connections and cloud services.
If you can, use firewalls to isolate the WLAN from the rest of your network. See how to improve network security with VPN and firewalls.
Check your network logs regularly
Monitor your network and review router logs periodically for unknown devices or unusual activity, to make sure that your network has not been broken into. If you are not sure how to do this, call in an outside expert. You may also want to set up alerts for failed login attempts. Act quickly if you notice anything suspicious.
Update equipment regularly
Keep software and router or wireless access point firmware up-to-date as this makes it much more difficult for hackers to exploit weaknesses. Enable automatic updates where possible and restart your router every three months to clear up cached data, fragmented connections and memory leaks.
Get an independent security check
Finally, unless you have good technical skills in your business, consider bringing in external experts to check your security measures and test your network each year. They may uncover weaknesses you might have missed. Ask them for a written report from your security audit - this will identify your risk rating, issues found, and give you instructions on how to resolve them. This documentation can be helpful as insurance proof in case of a claim, or as compliance evidence if you're applying for Cyber Essentials certification.
Follow other best practice tips to protect your business online.
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Wireless network components
Wireless network components
Understand key parts of a business WLAN, including access points, network interface cards and range extenders, and how to set them up.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) use the same basic structure of components as the traditional Ethernet-wired networks. However, instead of cables, WLANs use infrared or radio frequency technology to transmit data across the network.
Businesses typically use wireless networks within a single building, or as a building-to-building connection, often as an extension to a wired network.
What are the main components of a wireless network?
The physical WLAN architecture is fairly simple. Basic components of WLAN are typically wireless access points and network interface cards (NICs) or client adaptors. You can use other components, such as wireless bridges and repeaters, to extend the reach of your network.
Wireless access points
A central access point is basically the wireless equivalent of a LAN hub. It is a small box (with one or more aerials) that uses a connector to attach it to the rest of your wired LAN.
Access points receive and transmit data from and to all the wireless devices in their area. They can handle many different connections between different devices all talking to each other at once, but the more devices you have connected to the same an access point, the slower they will operate.
You may need more than one access point to cover a building, depending on its range and the composition of any walls or floors between the access point and the wireless network card.
Wireless network interface card (NIC)
The network interface card acts as the radio receiver and transmitter for a specific computer and connects it into the WLAN. It is coupled with the device operating system using a software driver. Most modern laptops or tablets have this Wi-Fi capability built-in, but with older desktop PCs you may need to install one.
Most wireless network cards connect to an access point. However, some NICs can enable a peer-to-peer connection - ie they can talk to other compatible network cards that are within its range. This may be useful for small roaming workgroups of devices that do not require access to the LAN backbone.
Wireless range extenders and bridges
Wireless repeaters can improve or extend the coverage of your network. They work by receiving your existing Wi-Fi signal and relaying your requests and responses between your device and your main Wi-Fi router/access point. With a repeater, you can effectively double the range of your WLAN.
Most WLANs are installed using access points that have omnidirectional aerials or antennae. These transmit wireless signals in all directions, as opposed to directional antennae, which produce a more concentrated signal focused on a narrower area. Depending on the type of signal you need, replacing the antenna of your wireless access point may give you a better range.
Wireless bridges enable high-speed long-range outdoor links between buildings. Their range is typically up to 25 miles. They are based on line-of-sight, so physical obstacles such as trees and tall buildings in the path will negatively impact the signal strength.
How to set up your WLAN?
The different components need to be compatible for the WLAN to function correctly. This is possible because they comply with a set of wireless networking standards intended to enable devices from different manufacturers to work together.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/wireless-network-components
Links
Wireless networking standards
Different types of WLAN standards, and their benefits for speed, range and security in business networks.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) develops official standards to enable wireless local area network (WLAN) devices to work together, regardless of which manufacturer made them.
These standards focus on:
- speed - getting data transmitted faster between PCs and access points
- security - making sure that the wireless capability is not abused
You need to be aware of both factors when choosing wireless networking equipment.
What IEEE standards to prioritise in 2026
Choose Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) as your minimum standard. Better still, go for Wi-Fi 6E or Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be). Here's why you should prioritise a newer standard:
Faster speeds and better coverage
Older standards (like 802.11a/b/g/n/ac) max out at 54-1300 Mbps with patchy range. Wi-Fi 6 can reach 9.6 Gbps. Wi-Fi 7 reaches a maximum of 46 Gbps - fast enough for several simultaneous high-quality video calls, 8K video streaming/VR, large file transfers, and can handle multiple users without lag.
Handles busy networks
Modern offices have phones, laptops, cameras and IoT devices all competing for Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi 6/7 use smart technology to serve more devices at once on the same or multimple channels. This prevents slowdowns during peak demand.
Cuts interference and latency
Neighbouring Wi-Fi, microwaves and Bluetooth cause 'noise' and new standards resist this better. Latency drops below 2 milliseconds which is vital for VoIP calls or real-time apps.
Backward compatible
Wi-Fi 6/7 work with older devices (like Wi-Fi 5 laptops). Your current phones/tablets will be able to connect while you upgrade gradually.
Find IEEE published standards and learn more about Wi-Fi 6 standard.
When considering standards and networking equipment, choose devices that the Wi-Fi Alliance has tested and certified. This guarantees that they meet industry requirements and can work together.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/wireless-networking-standards
Links
Security issues in wireless networks
Overview of common WLAN threats like eavesdropping, spoofing and denial-of-service attacks, and basic steps to reduce risks.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) transmit and receive data using radio waves rather than wires. This lack of a physical barrier makes WLANs vulnerable to unlawful interception, eavesdropping, hacking and a range of other cyber security issues.
Wireless network security issues and threats
The three most common WLAN security threats include:
- denial of service attacks - where the intruder floods the network with messages affecting the availability of the network resources
- spoofing and session hijacking - where the attacker gains access to network data and resources by assuming the identity of a valid user
- eavesdropping - where unauthorised third parties intercept the data being transmitted over the secure network
To counter these threats, you should make every effort to configure your WLAN correctly. You should also enable a range of security features, such as standard authentication and encryption, alongside other access control mechanisms.
Basic WLAN security features
Early wireless hardware relied on weak security methods. These no longer work against modern threats. Outdated features to avoid include:
- Service Set Identifiers (SSIDs) - these hide your network name, but hackers easily detect and bypass them
- Media Access Control (MAC) filtering - this limits connections by device hardware address, but hackers can spoof them easily
- Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) - this is basic, outdated encryption, now easily cracked
WEP is pretty much extinct in new hardware. Legacy devices using it risk total compromise. Even combined, these features offer little meaningful protection.
What is more, WLAN equipment often comes with security measures switched off entirely. If you don't switch these on during setup, you risk leaving your network wide open.
Upgrade your WLAN security protocols
If your WLAN still uses basic features like SSIDs, MAC filtering or WEP, upgrade immediately to Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) - specifically WPA3 with strong, unique passwords. WPA2 is acceptable as a minimum, but vulnerable to known attacks. You should enable WPA3 during router setup for best protection - most modern devices support it.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/security-issues-wireless-networks
Links
Wi-Fi protected access (WPA)
An overview of the WPA, WPA2 and WPA3 - the key wireless security protocols commonly used in modern wireless network products.
Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) is the modern standard that encrypts your business wireless network. It replaced Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), which proved particularly vulnerable to hacking.
The Wi-Fi Alliance created WPA protocols to scramble wireless data using stronger encryption. Three generations of protocols evolved to meet growing threats:
- WPA (2003): First fix for WEP - now obsolete.
- WPA2 (2004): This was industry standard for 20 years. Now proven vulnerable to KRACK attacks that steal data mid-session.
- WPA3 (2018): This is the current best practice standard. It offers better protection against password guessing and session attacks, and adds forward secrecy, which means past sessions stay safe even if the system gets compromised.
How does Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) work
With all WPA versions, your router and devices start with one shared password. They use it to mathematically generate different encryption keys for every single data packet - emails, files, web pages. If a hacker intercepts one packet, the key expires immediately. The next packet uses a completely new key. They can't unlock anything without cracking millions of maths calculations per second.
Which WPA should your business have
The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) recommends WPA3 for all new wireless network deployments. There are two modes for businesses. You should choose the mode based on your business size and security needs.
Personal mode
This is best for small businesses and teams with under 50 devices. It uses a pre-shared password or passphrase for authentication. Each device gets individual encryption keys, which means that one compromised device doesn't expose others. It's best suited for simple office Wi-Fi, retail or home workers. It works with Wi-Fi 6/7 and most routers since 2020 support it.
Enterprise mode
This is for medium to large businesses with 50+ devices or regulated sectors. It uses a more sophisticated method of encryption with individual user authentication for each user/device. It is required for government contracts, financial services and healthcare sectors, and essential where cyber insurance mandates strong authentication.
Upgrading to WPA3
Most businesses can upgrade their networks to WPA3 without needing technical expertise. It involves logging into your router to change the security setting from WPA2 or WEP to WPA3, creating a strong password, saving the changes and reconnecting your devices. Most modern phones, laptops and printers work fine immediately.
If you're unsure how to do this, ask your ISP or IT support to enable WPA3 for you. WPA3 will work alongside your existing WPA2 devices during upgrade, avoiding the need to replace all of your equipment at once.
It's important to note that even WPA3 is not impervious to threats. You should mitigate them via regular software upgrades, including patches to your operating systems and router firmware.
Keep in mind that wireless hardware manufacturers often supply their products with the security settings turned off. Make sure that you set the device up properly before using it. See 10 tips for better wireless network security.
Also on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/wi-fi-protected-access-wpa
Links
Improve network security with VPN and firewalls
How to use virtual private networks (or VPNs) and firewalls to improve the security of your business' devices and wireless network.
The latest security protocols, based on Wi-Fi protected access (WPA), can help strengthen your wireless local area network defences, but they don't necessarily stop all attacks. You should consider adding virtual private networks and firewalls as additional ways of boosting your network security.
Virtual private networks (VPNs)
VPNs create an encrypted tunnel for all your Wi-Fi traffic, protecting data even if your wireless network uses weak security, or if you're on a public Wi-Fi like coffee shops, hotels or client sites. When used with WPA3, they effectively provide double encryption, keeping data private even when Wi-Fi security fails.
VPNs are essential for:
- remote working - employees safely accessing company files and systems from home
- multi-site businesses - linking branches, warehouses and remote offices with encrypted connections
- guest Wi-Fi isolation - allowing customers to use your Wi-Fi safely without accessing internal systems or seeing employee traffic
- compliance requirements - often mandatory for cyber insurance policies, and necessary for Cyber Essentials, ISO 27001 and data protection compliance
While VPN encryption adds strong protection, it isn't perfect and there are some limitations. For example, you may experience:
- set up challenges - design and deployment often need expertise and most small businesses will need IT consultants
- roaming issues - moving around big buildings/sites can cause connection to drop briefly, as the devices switch between Wi-Fi access points
- performance and speed issues - double encryption reduces throughput and slows down large file transfers
- battery drain - mobile devices and laptops lose more battery with VPN always on
See more on possible problems and security issues in wireless networking.
Firewalls
A firewall is a device or piece of software that controls what data is allowed to pass through it. Effectively, it acts as a digital guard, checking the network and blocking unauthorised traffic.
You can use a firewall in a network for:
- guest Wi-Fi isolation - to separate an insecure part of the network from the secure area where your most critical data is managed
- wireless/wired separation - to split traffic to stop compromised Wi-Fi devices spreading malware to your trusted desktop network
- traffic filtering - to block staff accidentally visiting phishing sites or downloading malware through Wi-Fi
Most broadband routers include basic firewalls, but they rarely protect your WLAN properly. You may need an additional device depending on your network design.
Unless you have good IT security skills available internally, you should seek advice from an experienced consultant to help you design your network and configure your firewall.
It's important to understand that no single solution will give you guaranteed protection against existing network vulnerabilities. In most cases, the best way to secure your wireless network is to:
- set up and maintain the network and the connected devices correctly
- implement appropriate safety measures
- train your staff on acceptable use and networking best practices
Find 10 tips for better wireless network security and read about server security.
ActionsAlso on this siteContent category
Source URL
/content/improve-network-security-vpn-and-firewalls
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10 tips for better wireless network security
Follow these ten practical steps to secure your business WLAN against hackers, eavesdroppers and network abuse.
A secure wireless network protects your data and operations. Here are some ideas to help you improve your wireless local area network (WLAN) security and get the most out of wireless networking:
Assume hackers target everyone
Hackers scan for unsecured Wi-Fi 24 hours a day. Even small businesses face attacks. If compromised, your network could let attackers reach your customers or suppliers, and one breach is enough to damage your business reputation permanently. To get a better understanding of online threats, see cyber security for business.
Upgrade to WPA3 encryption
If your devices rely on basic WLAN security features such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), or out of date Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) protocols, upgrade them to WPA2 to WPA3 where possible. Modern devices with the latest security protocols offer better protection, especially when used with strong passwords of 20 characters or more.
Choose compatible equipment
Make sure that your new WLAN equipment matches the required wireless networking standards. If possible, order equipment from the same manufacturer to ensure that it's compliant and compatible. If buying from different manufacturers, look for the Wi-Fi Alliance certification mark to ensure devices work together securely.
Change all default passwords
Always enable security features when installing new equipment. Make sure the devices have unique complex passwords, not using common factory default passwords. Many devices now come with unique passwords pre-configured, but you need to ensure this information is not left with the device if it is in a public area where anyone can see it. Read more on Wi-Fi protected access (WPA).
Position access points carefully
Place access points (which transfer data between your devices) away from external walls and windows. This reduces signal leakage outside your building and limits the chances of interception. Use a Wi-Fi analyser app to check coverage.
Authorise all Wi-Fi devices
Only allow approved routers and access points on your network. Check for unauthorised devices weekly. Block staff adding personal routers as one insecure access point could put your entire network at risk. Read more about access points and other wireless network components.
Use a virtual private network (VPN) for remote access or on public Wi-Fi
Require staff to use VPN to access company systems from home, coffee shops, hotels or client sites. A VPN adds a second layer of encryption to WPA3, and protects your data, multi-site office connections and cloud services.
If you can, use firewalls to isolate the WLAN from the rest of your network. See how to improve network security with VPN and firewalls.
Check your network logs regularly
Monitor your network and review router logs periodically for unknown devices or unusual activity, to make sure that your network has not been broken into. If you are not sure how to do this, call in an outside expert. You may also want to set up alerts for failed login attempts. Act quickly if you notice anything suspicious.
Update equipment regularly
Keep software and router or wireless access point firmware up-to-date as this makes it much more difficult for hackers to exploit weaknesses. Enable automatic updates where possible and restart your router every three months to clear up cached data, fragmented connections and memory leaks.
Get an independent security check
Finally, unless you have good technical skills in your business, consider bringing in external experts to check your security measures and test your network each year. They may uncover weaknesses you might have missed. Ask them for a written report from your security audit - this will identify your risk rating, issues found, and give you instructions on how to resolve them. This documentation can be helpful as insurance proof in case of a claim, or as compliance evidence if you're applying for Cyber Essentials certification.
Follow other best practice tips to protect your business online.
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How to choose and implement a wireless network
Pros and cons of wireless networking
Key business advantages and potential disadvantages of Wi-Fi or wireless networks.
Wireless networks, or Wi-Fi, offer key benefits over wired networks for mobile teams. However, it's important to weigh up any advantages against the risks before setup.
Advantages of wireless networking
Increased efficiency
Wireless networks can improve data communications by speeding up information sharing within your business and with partners and customers. For example, salespeople can check stock levels and prices in real time while on customer visits, helping to close deals faster.
Access and availability
Wireless technology lets users stay connected while moving around within buildings and sites. You do not need extra cables or adaptors to access office networks, keeping your team in touch wherever they are.
Flexibility
Office-based wireless workers can connect from anywhere in the coverage area without having to sit at fixed desks. This supports new ways of working, such as home working or accessing corporate data at customer sites. See more on employees working from home.
Cost savings
Wireless networks can be easier and cheaper to install than running cables, especially in listed buildings or rented spaces where landlords restrict wiring. This cuts down on both upfront costs and ongoing maintenance.
New opportunities
You can offer Wi-Fi hotspots to customers, such as in cafes, hotels or waiting areas. This lets travellers connect their devices to their own networks, creating new revenue streams or improving customer experience.
Disadvantages of wireless networking
Wireless networks have clear benefits over wired ones, but also come with risks you must consider before setup.
Security
Wireless signals travel through the air, making them easier for unauthorised users to intercept. It's important to always use strong encryption and other measures to protect your data and secure your wireless systems.
Installation problems
Nearby wireless networks or devices like microwaves can cause interference. This may lead to slow connections or, in bad cases, complete signal loss across your site.
Coverage
In some buildings, getting consistent coverage can be difficult, leading to 'black spots' where the signal isn't available. For example, in structures with thick walls or using steel reinforcements, you may find it difficult to pick up the radio frequencies used. You may need extra access points to fix this.
Transmission speeds
Wireless transmission can be slower and less efficient than 'wired' networks, particularly in busy offices. In larger setups, the 'backbone' network for core connection is usually wired or fibre rather than wireless.
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Wireless local area networks (LANs)
Understand how wireless local area networks (LANs) work, and what they can do for your business.
A local area network (LAN) without cables is called a wireless LAN (WLAN).
What is wireless LAN?
WLANs are data networks that allow computer systems to connect together through a wireless radio connection so that they can share data and access external networks, such as the internet, within a set range.
How to set up a wireless local area network?
You need two main components to set up a WLAN:
- an access point to link devices to the network
- adapters for each device, such as PC, laptop or tablets
Wi-Fi is the common name for WLANs, based on IEEE 802.11 standards. These ensure devices work together reliably. Read more about WLAN standards.
Advantages of wireless LAN
WLANs can broadly do anything that a 'wired' LAN can do, without the messy cables between the user device and the network. A wireless set-up can:
- let staff share files and hardware easily
- keep devices online even if users move around the space
- support greater flexibility in an office, eg through 'hot desking'
WLANs can extend network access to areas where cabling might not be cost-effective or practical. For example, from an office to its adjacent warehouse or storeroom, or across retail outlets, hotels, or public spaces such as health centres and job centres.
WLANs can particularly benefit businesses that:
- have staff working away from the office (eg sales staff)
- rely on flexible working styles, such as home working or 'hot desking'
- are located in premises where wiring is impractical or cost prohibiting (eg listed buildings)
What are WLAN 'hotspots'?
WLAN 'hotspots' are wireless-enabled areas offering customers access to a broadband internet connection, often for a fee. Such services are common in public areas such as airports, stations, cafes and hotels. They keep travellers linked to their business networks.
It is important to make sure that you use a secure wireless network with strong encryption, or use a VPN over any unencrypted wireless network.
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Benefits of cellular networks
What are cellular networks, and how they support data and voice communications in your business.
Cellular networks, also known as mobile phone networks, now handle much more than voice calls. Faster data speeds and better devices like smartphones and tablets make them vital for businesses needing flexible connectivity.
Cellular network technologies
Technologies connected with cellular phone services include:
- 5G - matches ultrafast broadband speed; coverage is rolling out in the UK
- 4G - delivers fast broadband-like performance for most data needs
- 3G - older standard for basic data which is being phased out
- global positioning system (GPS) - pinpoints device location accurately
- short messaging service (SMS) - for text messaging
- multimedia messaging services (MMS) - for exchange of images, audio and video
- global system for mobile communication (GSM)/general packet radio service (GPRS) - legacy data services, largely replaced by 4G/5G
What cellular networks offer
Cellular technologies offer additional ways for networking mobile devices. The worldwide coverage of cellular networks means that such facilities are often available in places where other types of networking, such as local area networks (LANs) and wireless LANs, cannot reach. As a result, you can use these technologies alongside local networks as a means of 'roaming' - maintaining contact while travelling.
Smartphones and tablets give staff access to the internet, email, apps and online tools anywhere with signal. This supports remote working and real-time tasks like ordering, billing and online buying. 4G and 5G provide the speed for advanced apps. They outpace older GSM/GPRS, offering better value despite higher initial data costs.
See more on mobile technology.
Disadvantages of cellular technology
Despite many benefits, cellular solutions have drawbacks that could affect your budget and performance. For example:
- costs for handsets data plans vary enormously
- streaming or heavy data use can get expensive
- speeds depend on location and network congestion
Review full advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology.
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Personal area networks
What are short-range wireless networks, also known as personal area networks or PANs, and how do they benefit businesses.
Personal area networks (PANs) are short-range wireless networks that work over a range of tens of metres. They replace cables that connect devices to peripherals like keyboards and printers.
Typical PAN technologies include:
- Cordless products - such as mouse devices and keyboards that use radio or infrared. These are low-cost and easy to set up and use. Certain products, such as the cordless phone, can have a considerably wider range.
- Bluetooth - which allows enabled devices such as phones, mobiles, mouse devices, headsets, PCs, printers and keyboards to connect wirelessly within a range of ten metres. Bluetooth technology is often built into devices or can be added via adapters.
Business uses of PANs
Personal area networks can help businesses in practical ways. For example, they can:
- free up floor space by removing unwanted cables
- synchronise data automatically between devices like phones and laptops
- let mobile staff print or connect to office equipment
- help control equipment/machinery wirelessly - eg car diagnostics for service teams
PANs can have other interesting applications, including:
- 'smart' badges at venues and events to share contacts or control access
- asset tracking on tools, stock or vehicles in warehouses or sites
- linking IoT devices like temperature sensors in storage or machinery health checks
- linking card readers to phones for quick transactions at markets or pop-ups
Personal area network - advantages and disadvantages
PANs are efficient, cost-effective and convenient for close-range needs. However:
- they can interfere with other wireless signals on the same frequencies
- Bluetooth offers slow data speeds and short range, so it's not for larger areas
For wider coverage, see wireless local area networks (LANs).
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Wireless networking security
How to protect your wireless network and devices from unauthorised access and cyber attacks.
Wireless networks are more open to threats than wired ones. Anyone within range can attempt to connect or intercept data, so it is important to build security into your setup from day one to safeguard your business.
Wireless networks rely on security measures like built-in encryption (such as Wi-Fi Protected Access or WPA) and virtual private networks (VPNs) to block unauthorised access. These tools are widely available but must be set up correctly to protect your data.
How to protect your wireless network
There are several vital measures you can put in place to help protect your network. As a bare minimum:
- You should password-protect your wireless local area network and activate built-in data encryption, such as WPA3. Most products support these features - make sure they are enabled and reset default passwords on setup.
- Use strong passwords that cannot easily be guessed. Keep them over 20 characters long, mixing letters, numbers and symbols. Avoid common words, names or memorable dates. Find password strategies to help keep your business secure.
- Train employees on the importance of IT security to prevent basic errors.
- Choose hardware that supports upgrades, as security standards evolve quickly. Check for the latest WLAN standards before buying hardware.
- Use VPNs for added protection, especially on public Wi-Fi.
See computer networks and guidance on deploying Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) to establish VPNs.
Common Wi-Fi security issues and fixes
Here are some common Wi-Fi risks and up-to-date best practices to address them:
Lost or stolen devices
If your device is lost or stolen, remotely revoke access and any privileges associated with usernames and passwords to secure the network. Wipe data, if possible, and report the incident to your IT team or provider immediately.
Public hotspots
On public hotspots, use personal firewall software to control data exposure, but always prioritise a VPN to encrypt traffic. Also, avoid auto-connect features, stick to HTTPS sites with two-factor authentication (2FA) where possible, and disable file sharing and peer-to-peer connections.
Malware threats
Install and update anti-malware software on all devices to block trojans, spyware and ransomware. Enable real-time scanning and restrict unapproved app downloads.
Staff handling sensitive data
Provide regular training to staff on phishing recognition, secure Wi-Fi habits and device locking. You can also consider enforcing policies like screen locks, OS updates and no public Wi-Fi for confidential work.
Read more about securing your wireless network.
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What type of wireless networking do you need?
How to assess your requirements for wireless networking, and choose the right wireless network for your business.
Before choosing a wireless network for your business, assess your specific needs first. This will help you tailor the solution to your exact business demands, avoiding poor performance and preventing wasted spend on mismatched kit.
Wireless networking needs analysis
Focus on the following areas to carry out a networking needs analysis:
- Coverage - the area where you plan to operate the wireless devices. This can help you determine the number and location of wireless LAN access points.
- Mobility - how will users move through the coverage areas, and will the wireless signals be reliable throughout?
- Security - consider the level of protection that your networked data will need against certain threats. This will help you decide if you need to add particular components or technologies to your setup, eg wireless encryption.
- Compatibility - think about your existing systems, application and databases, and make sure that your wireless LAN solution is compatible.
- Users and devices - decide how many users and devices, and what type of devices, you wish to connect via the wireless LAN. You should also consider your funds and make sure that you choose a solution that is within your budget.
Steps to determine your networking requirements
Think about:
- goals - for example, more flexibility or staff satisfaction
- measurable targets for what you want to achieve - eg cost savings
- how technology can improve operations or enable new products and services
Then:
- Consider what sort of wireless solution you need. Are there sites where installing cable networks would be a problem - eg listed buildings? Are there employees, such as salespeople, that require mobility?
- Talk to other businesses that have implemented wireless solutions.
- Think carefully about the security issues, such as the potential for 'hackers' or competitors to access or modify your company data.
- Compare the costs of wireless communication (such as software, installation and maintenance) with the business benefit you expect to get. If the main benefit is more efficient working, is the increased efficiency worth the cost?
You may wish to get advice from IT consultants on scoping, budgeting, rollout and training.
When evaluating your networking needs, also consider your customers' and business partners' systems. If you are aiming to work wirelessly with them, ask yourself:
- Do your processes align with their wireless standards and tech setup?
- Are you restricting access by supporting only specific devices or protocols?
- Can your network integrate easily with theirs, or will it need adapters or custom configuration?
Understanding their needs will ensure smooth business-to-business links, like shared inventory apps or guest portals, without later rework. Find out how to assess your networking needs and requirements.
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How to choose and implement a wireless network
Steps to select the right wireless network for your business and roll it out successfully.
Choosing and implementing a wireless network involves matching options to your needs, planning the rollout and evaluating results. This ensures reliable connectivity that supports your business without unexpected costs or disruptions.
Wireless networking options for small businesses
In most cases, your options will be:
- Standard Wi-Fi access points - these connect devices to your office network. They are good for laptops, phones and printers in meeting rooms or open spaces.
- Wireless bridges or mesh systems - these extend coverage to areas without cables (warehouses, outdoor areas). Ideal for larger premises or multiple sites.
- Guest networks - separate Wi-Fi for visitors, keeping your main network secure.
For mobile workers, consider mobile phone data networks (4G/5G). These can secure company access when employees work remotely or travel, and are better and safer than public Wi-Fi and hotspots.
Plan your wireless network rollout
Consider these practical factors in the planning phase:
- expertise required to manage the network and train staff
- training costs, how many staff need it, and how long it will take
- cultural impact, such as staff working remotely or in hybrid patterns
- integration of fixed and wireless systems (and personal devices) on your network
- standardising hardware and security across all equipment
- increased data traffic from mobile devices
Implement your wireless network
Typically, implementation will require you to install the hardware and configure the necessary settings, then test coverage and speeds across your site before full launch.
Encourage employee involvement and feedback during setup, and roll out any necessary training on usage, security and troubleshooting. It can also help to form a cross-departmental team to oversee rollout, manage change and ensure buy-in across the business.
You may also need to update any existing policies - for example, bring your own device policy - with secure access rules. When your network goes live, monitor performance to ensure smooth operation.
Evaluate the impact
After rollout:
- track and review the impact of the network on your business against your original objectives
- gather feedback from staff, customers and suppliers on usability, speed and any issues
- review performance after six months and one year - measure metrics like uptime, data usage and support calls, then tweak settings or expand coverage as needed
If you're not sure which networking solution would best suit your business, get advice from your IT provider or business adviser. In Northern Ireland, contact Invest Northern Ireland for ICT guidance tailored to local businesses.
Finally, consider wired networks instead wireless ones for high-security areas (such as servers and payment systems), heavy data transfers (video editing, large files) and where maximum speed and reliability is needed.
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What type of wireless networking do you need?
Pros and cons of wireless networking
Key business advantages and potential disadvantages of Wi-Fi or wireless networks.
Wireless networks, or Wi-Fi, offer key benefits over wired networks for mobile teams. However, it's important to weigh up any advantages against the risks before setup.
Advantages of wireless networking
Increased efficiency
Wireless networks can improve data communications by speeding up information sharing within your business and with partners and customers. For example, salespeople can check stock levels and prices in real time while on customer visits, helping to close deals faster.
Access and availability
Wireless technology lets users stay connected while moving around within buildings and sites. You do not need extra cables or adaptors to access office networks, keeping your team in touch wherever they are.
Flexibility
Office-based wireless workers can connect from anywhere in the coverage area without having to sit at fixed desks. This supports new ways of working, such as home working or accessing corporate data at customer sites. See more on employees working from home.
Cost savings
Wireless networks can be easier and cheaper to install than running cables, especially in listed buildings or rented spaces where landlords restrict wiring. This cuts down on both upfront costs and ongoing maintenance.
New opportunities
You can offer Wi-Fi hotspots to customers, such as in cafes, hotels or waiting areas. This lets travellers connect their devices to their own networks, creating new revenue streams or improving customer experience.
Disadvantages of wireless networking
Wireless networks have clear benefits over wired ones, but also come with risks you must consider before setup.
Security
Wireless signals travel through the air, making them easier for unauthorised users to intercept. It's important to always use strong encryption and other measures to protect your data and secure your wireless systems.
Installation problems
Nearby wireless networks or devices like microwaves can cause interference. This may lead to slow connections or, in bad cases, complete signal loss across your site.
Coverage
In some buildings, getting consistent coverage can be difficult, leading to 'black spots' where the signal isn't available. For example, in structures with thick walls or using steel reinforcements, you may find it difficult to pick up the radio frequencies used. You may need extra access points to fix this.
Transmission speeds
Wireless transmission can be slower and less efficient than 'wired' networks, particularly in busy offices. In larger setups, the 'backbone' network for core connection is usually wired or fibre rather than wireless.
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Wireless local area networks (LANs)
Understand how wireless local area networks (LANs) work, and what they can do for your business.
A local area network (LAN) without cables is called a wireless LAN (WLAN).
What is wireless LAN?
WLANs are data networks that allow computer systems to connect together through a wireless radio connection so that they can share data and access external networks, such as the internet, within a set range.
How to set up a wireless local area network?
You need two main components to set up a WLAN:
- an access point to link devices to the network
- adapters for each device, such as PC, laptop or tablets
Wi-Fi is the common name for WLANs, based on IEEE 802.11 standards. These ensure devices work together reliably. Read more about WLAN standards.
Advantages of wireless LAN
WLANs can broadly do anything that a 'wired' LAN can do, without the messy cables between the user device and the network. A wireless set-up can:
- let staff share files and hardware easily
- keep devices online even if users move around the space
- support greater flexibility in an office, eg through 'hot desking'
WLANs can extend network access to areas where cabling might not be cost-effective or practical. For example, from an office to its adjacent warehouse or storeroom, or across retail outlets, hotels, or public spaces such as health centres and job centres.
WLANs can particularly benefit businesses that:
- have staff working away from the office (eg sales staff)
- rely on flexible working styles, such as home working or 'hot desking'
- are located in premises where wiring is impractical or cost prohibiting (eg listed buildings)
What are WLAN 'hotspots'?
WLAN 'hotspots' are wireless-enabled areas offering customers access to a broadband internet connection, often for a fee. Such services are common in public areas such as airports, stations, cafes and hotels. They keep travellers linked to their business networks.
It is important to make sure that you use a secure wireless network with strong encryption, or use a VPN over any unencrypted wireless network.
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Benefits of cellular networks
What are cellular networks, and how they support data and voice communications in your business.
Cellular networks, also known as mobile phone networks, now handle much more than voice calls. Faster data speeds and better devices like smartphones and tablets make them vital for businesses needing flexible connectivity.
Cellular network technologies
Technologies connected with cellular phone services include:
- 5G - matches ultrafast broadband speed; coverage is rolling out in the UK
- 4G - delivers fast broadband-like performance for most data needs
- 3G - older standard for basic data which is being phased out
- global positioning system (GPS) - pinpoints device location accurately
- short messaging service (SMS) - for text messaging
- multimedia messaging services (MMS) - for exchange of images, audio and video
- global system for mobile communication (GSM)/general packet radio service (GPRS) - legacy data services, largely replaced by 4G/5G
What cellular networks offer
Cellular technologies offer additional ways for networking mobile devices. The worldwide coverage of cellular networks means that such facilities are often available in places where other types of networking, such as local area networks (LANs) and wireless LANs, cannot reach. As a result, you can use these technologies alongside local networks as a means of 'roaming' - maintaining contact while travelling.
Smartphones and tablets give staff access to the internet, email, apps and online tools anywhere with signal. This supports remote working and real-time tasks like ordering, billing and online buying. 4G and 5G provide the speed for advanced apps. They outpace older GSM/GPRS, offering better value despite higher initial data costs.
See more on mobile technology.
Disadvantages of cellular technology
Despite many benefits, cellular solutions have drawbacks that could affect your budget and performance. For example:
- costs for handsets data plans vary enormously
- streaming or heavy data use can get expensive
- speeds depend on location and network congestion
Review full advantages and disadvantages of mobile technology.
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Personal area networks
What are short-range wireless networks, also known as personal area networks or PANs, and how do they benefit businesses.
Personal area networks (PANs) are short-range wireless networks that work over a range of tens of metres. They replace cables that connect devices to peripherals like keyboards and printers.
Typical PAN technologies include:
- Cordless products - such as mouse devices and keyboards that use radio or infrared. These are low-cost and easy to set up and use. Certain products, such as the cordless phone, can have a considerably wider range.
- Bluetooth - which allows enabled devices such as phones, mobiles, mouse devices, headsets, PCs, printers and keyboards to connect wirelessly within a range of ten metres. Bluetooth technology is often built into devices or can be added via adapters.
Business uses of PANs
Personal area networks can help businesses in practical ways. For example, they can:
- free up floor space by removing unwanted cables
- synchronise data automatically between devices like phones and laptops
- let mobile staff print or connect to office equipment
- help control equipment/machinery wirelessly - eg car diagnostics for service teams
PANs can have other interesting applications, including:
- 'smart' badges at venues and events to share contacts or control access
- asset tracking on tools, stock or vehicles in warehouses or sites
- linking IoT devices like temperature sensors in storage or machinery health checks
- linking card readers to phones for quick transactions at markets or pop-ups
Personal area network - advantages and disadvantages
PANs are efficient, cost-effective and convenient for close-range needs. However:
- they can interfere with other wireless signals on the same frequencies
- Bluetooth offers slow data speeds and short range, so it's not for larger areas
For wider coverage, see wireless local area networks (LANs).
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Source URL
/content/personal-area-networks
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Wireless networking security
How to protect your wireless network and devices from unauthorised access and cyber attacks.
Wireless networks are more open to threats than wired ones. Anyone within range can attempt to connect or intercept data, so it is important to build security into your setup from day one to safeguard your business.
Wireless networks rely on security measures like built-in encryption (such as Wi-Fi Protected Access or WPA) and virtual private networks (VPNs) to block unauthorised access. These tools are widely available but must be set up correctly to protect your data.
How to protect your wireless network
There are several vital measures you can put in place to help protect your network. As a bare minimum:
- You should password-protect your wireless local area network and activate built-in data encryption, such as WPA3. Most products support these features - make sure they are enabled and reset default passwords on setup.
- Use strong passwords that cannot easily be guessed. Keep them over 20 characters long, mixing letters, numbers and symbols. Avoid common words, names or memorable dates. Find password strategies to help keep your business secure.
- Train employees on the importance of IT security to prevent basic errors.
- Choose hardware that supports upgrades, as security standards evolve quickly. Check for the latest WLAN standards before buying hardware.
- Use VPNs for added protection, especially on public Wi-Fi.
See computer networks and guidance on deploying Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) to establish VPNs.
Common Wi-Fi security issues and fixes
Here are some common Wi-Fi risks and up-to-date best practices to address them:
Lost or stolen devices
If your device is lost or stolen, remotely revoke access and any privileges associated with usernames and passwords to secure the network. Wipe data, if possible, and report the incident to your IT team or provider immediately.
Public hotspots
On public hotspots, use personal firewall software to control data exposure, but always prioritise a VPN to encrypt traffic. Also, avoid auto-connect features, stick to HTTPS sites with two-factor authentication (2FA) where possible, and disable file sharing and peer-to-peer connections.
Malware threats
Install and update anti-malware software on all devices to block trojans, spyware and ransomware. Enable real-time scanning and restrict unapproved app downloads.
Staff handling sensitive data
Provide regular training to staff on phishing recognition, secure Wi-Fi habits and device locking. You can also consider enforcing policies like screen locks, OS updates and no public Wi-Fi for confidential work.
Read more about securing your wireless network.
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Source URL
/content/wireless-networking-security
Links
What type of wireless networking do you need?
How to assess your requirements for wireless networking, and choose the right wireless network for your business.
Before choosing a wireless network for your business, assess your specific needs first. This will help you tailor the solution to your exact business demands, avoiding poor performance and preventing wasted spend on mismatched kit.
Wireless networking needs analysis
Focus on the following areas to carry out a networking needs analysis:
- Coverage - the area where you plan to operate the wireless devices. This can help you determine the number and location of wireless LAN access points.
- Mobility - how will users move through the coverage areas, and will the wireless signals be reliable throughout?
- Security - consider the level of protection that your networked data will need against certain threats. This will help you decide if you need to add particular components or technologies to your setup, eg wireless encryption.
- Compatibility - think about your existing systems, application and databases, and make sure that your wireless LAN solution is compatible.
- Users and devices - decide how many users and devices, and what type of devices, you wish to connect via the wireless LAN. You should also consider your funds and make sure that you choose a solution that is within your budget.
Steps to determine your networking requirements
Think about:
- goals - for example, more flexibility or staff satisfaction
- measurable targets for what you want to achieve - eg cost savings
- how technology can improve operations or enable new products and services
Then:
- Consider what sort of wireless solution you need. Are there sites where installing cable networks would be a problem - eg listed buildings? Are there employees, such as salespeople, that require mobility?
- Talk to other businesses that have implemented wireless solutions.
- Think carefully about the security issues, such as the potential for 'hackers' or competitors to access or modify your company data.
- Compare the costs of wireless communication (such as software, installation and maintenance) with the business benefit you expect to get. If the main benefit is more efficient working, is the increased efficiency worth the cost?
You may wish to get advice from IT consultants on scoping, budgeting, rollout and training.
When evaluating your networking needs, also consider your customers' and business partners' systems. If you are aiming to work wirelessly with them, ask yourself:
- Do your processes align with their wireless standards and tech setup?
- Are you restricting access by supporting only specific devices or protocols?
- Can your network integrate easily with theirs, or will it need adapters or custom configuration?
Understanding their needs will ensure smooth business-to-business links, like shared inventory apps or guest portals, without later rework. Find out how to assess your networking needs and requirements.
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How to choose and implement a wireless network
Steps to select the right wireless network for your business and roll it out successfully.
Choosing and implementing a wireless network involves matching options to your needs, planning the rollout and evaluating results. This ensures reliable connectivity that supports your business without unexpected costs or disruptions.
Wireless networking options for small businesses
In most cases, your options will be:
- Standard Wi-Fi access points - these connect devices to your office network. They are good for laptops, phones and printers in meeting rooms or open spaces.
- Wireless bridges or mesh systems - these extend coverage to areas without cables (warehouses, outdoor areas). Ideal for larger premises or multiple sites.
- Guest networks - separate Wi-Fi for visitors, keeping your main network secure.
For mobile workers, consider mobile phone data networks (4G/5G). These can secure company access when employees work remotely or travel, and are better and safer than public Wi-Fi and hotspots.
Plan your wireless network rollout
Consider these practical factors in the planning phase:
- expertise required to manage the network and train staff
- training costs, how many staff need it, and how long it will take
- cultural impact, such as staff working remotely or in hybrid patterns
- integration of fixed and wireless systems (and personal devices) on your network
- standardising hardware and security across all equipment
- increased data traffic from mobile devices
Implement your wireless network
Typically, implementation will require you to install the hardware and configure the necessary settings, then test coverage and speeds across your site before full launch.
Encourage employee involvement and feedback during setup, and roll out any necessary training on usage, security and troubleshooting. It can also help to form a cross-departmental team to oversee rollout, manage change and ensure buy-in across the business.
You may also need to update any existing policies - for example, bring your own device policy - with secure access rules. When your network goes live, monitor performance to ensure smooth operation.
Evaluate the impact
After rollout:
- track and review the impact of the network on your business against your original objectives
- gather feedback from staff, customers and suppliers on usability, speed and any issues
- review performance after six months and one year - measure metrics like uptime, data usage and support calls, then tweak settings or expand coverage as needed
If you're not sure which networking solution would best suit your business, get advice from your IT provider or business adviser. In Northern Ireland, contact Invest Northern Ireland for ICT guidance tailored to local businesses.
Finally, consider wired networks instead wireless ones for high-security areas (such as servers and payment systems), heavy data transfers (video editing, large files) and where maximum speed and reliability is needed.
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